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711.
712.
Adsorption of lambda-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin on two typical Chinese soils as affected by copper
Jun Liu Xiaomeng Lü Jimin Xie Yafei Chu Cheng Sun Qian Wang 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(4):414-422
Background, aim, and scope Pesticides and heavy metals pollution in soil environment has become a serious problem in many countries including China.
Repeated applications of bordeaux mixture (a blend of copper sulfate and calcium hydroxide) and pyrethroid (Pys) insecticides
have led to elevated copper (Cu) and Pys concentrations in vineyard surface soils. However, few studies focused on the interaction
of Pys and heavy metals in the soil environment. Our previous studies had indicated the combined effect of cypermethrin (CPM)
and Cu on soil catalase activity. Also, we had suggested that the addition of Cu could catalyze photo-degradation of CPM and
lambda-cyhalothrin (λ-CHT) in aqueous solution and restrain their degradation in soil. To better understand the potential
influence of Cu on the fate of Pys in the soil environment, the aim of the present work was to examine the effect of Cu on
the adsorption of λ-CHT and CPM on two typical Chinese soils with different soil characteristics, which was one of the key
processes controlling the fate of Pys, and to provide more information about the potential ecological risk of chemicals on
the soil ecosystem. Fourier transform infrared and point charges analysis using the MOPAC program of the Gaussian system were
also used to reveal the probable adsorption mechanism of λ-CHT and CPM on soils.
Materials and methods Two vineyard soils with different properties were chosen as experimental samples. They were sampled from 0 to 10 cm, dried,
and sieved to 2 mm. Each soil was spiked with copper sulfate solution to obtain the following total soil Cu concentrations:
100, 200, 400, 800, and 1,600 mg·kg−1. The treated soils were incubated for 2 weeks and then dried at 20°C. For each soil sample and at each soil Cu concentration,
the adsorption of λ-CHT and CPM was measured using a batch equilibrium method. The concentration of λ-CHT was determined by
HPLC, and the amount of λ-CHT and CPM adsorbed by the soil sample at equilibrium was determined by the difference between
the initial and equilibrium concentrations in solution corrected by the blank adsorption measurement.
Results Without the addition of Cu, the adsorption of λ-CHT and CPM on Black soil is greater than that on Red soil, while the adsorption
of λ-CHT on both soils is significantly stronger than that of CPM. As the soil Cu concentration increased from 19 (or 18;
background) to 1,600 mg·kg−1, the adsorption coefficient (K
d) of λ-CHT decreased from 12.2 to 5.9 L·kg−1 for Red soil, and from 26.1 to 16.8 L·kg−1 for Black soil, whereas the CPM adsorption coefficient in both soils decreased nearly by 100% (K
d decreased from 9.4 to 0.2 L·kg−1 for Red soil and from 16.2 to 0.5 L·kg−1 for Black soil).
Discussion Pys adsorption is a surface phenomenon which depends on the surface area and the organic matter content. Thus, the Black soil,
having higher organic matter and greater surface area than that of the Red soil, show greater adsorption affinity to λ-CHT
and CPM. In our study, the different adsorption affinity of the two Pys was obtained, which was probably attributed to differences
with respect to their physical–chemical properties. Further comparison upon the two Pys was conducted. The point charges of
halogen atoms in the λ-CHT and CPM were calculated, the differences of which probably lead to the fact that λ-CHT has a stronger
binding capacity to soils than CPM. Also, FTIR spectra show that competitive adsorption occurs between CPM and Cu for the
same adsorption sites, which is responsible for the obtained suppression of CPM adsorption affected by Cu.
Conclusions Lambda-cyhalothrin shows a significantly stronger adsorption than cypermethrin on both soils. This phenomenon may be due to
several reasons: (1) λ-CHT has lower solubility and a higher octanol–water partition coefficient value than CPM; (2) λ-CHT
consists of specific isomers, whereas CPM is mixtures of eight different isomers; (3) the chlorine and fluorine atoms in the
λ-CHT have a negative point charge, whereas the chlorine atoms in the CPM have a positive point charge. As the soil Cu concentrations
increased from 19 (or 18) mg·kg−1 to 1,600 mg·kg−1, the adsorption coefficient of λ-CHT and CPM decreased on both soils. This is mainly due to a competition between Cu and
Pys for occupying the adsorption sites on soils. The information from this study have important implications for vineyard
and orchard soils, which often contain elevated levels of Cu and Pys. These results are also useful in assessing the environmental
fate and health effect of λ-CHT and CPM.
Recommendations and perspectives It is important for environmental scientists and engineers to get a better understanding of soil–metal–organic contaminant
interactions. However, pesticide adsorption involves complex processes, and shortcomings in understanding them still restrict
the ability to predict the fate and behavior of pesticide. Therefore, considerable research should be carried out to understand
the mechanism of interaction between Pys and heavy metal on soils clearly. 相似文献
713.
714.
715.
镉胁迫对向日葵幼苗生长和生理特性的影响 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
采用溶液培养方法,研究了不同浓度镉(0、0.05、0.1、0.5和1 mg/L)处理7 d对向日葵幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明:随着镉处理浓度的增加,向日葵幼苗对镉的吸收显著增加。1 mg/L镉浓度处理时,叶、茎和根中镉浓度分别为0.05 mg/L镉处理时的16.3、19.2和581倍;根中积累的镉含量明显高于叶和茎, 各浓度根部积累的镉分别为叶和茎的37.8~63倍和29.4~41倍。镉胁迫显著抑制向日葵幼苗生长和叶绿素合成,当镉浓度达1 mg/L时,整株植物生物量和总叶绿素含量分别为对照的55.9%和52.6%。镉胁迫下向日葵幼苗游离脯氨酸和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加,1 mg/L镉浓度时,根中含量分别为对照的4和5.8倍。向日葵幼苗可溶性蛋白含量和过氧化物酶(POD)活性变化与镉胁迫浓度呈明显的倒U字型关系,可溶性蛋白含量在0.05 mg/L镉浓度时达到最大值,叶、茎、根中的POD活性分别在0.1、0.1和0.05 mg/L镉浓度时达到最大值。 相似文献
716.
10%丁醚脲微乳剂在甘蓝和土壤中的残留及消解动态研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
建立了丁醚脲在甘蓝及土壤中残留量的高效液相色谱检测方法,并采用田间试验方法对丁醚脲在甘蓝及土壤中的残留消解动态进行研究,开展了最终残留试验.结果表明,在0.05~5.0 mg/kg添加水平范围内,丁醚脲在甘蓝和土壤中的平均添加回收率为82.5%~100.9%,相对标准偏差为4.5%~7.5%.残留消解动态研究表明,丁醚脲在甘蓝和土壤中的降解符合方程式Ct=C0e-kt;10%丁醚脲微乳剂在甘蓝和土壤中的半衰期分别为2.87~2.99 d和3.37~3.57 d.最终残留试验研究表明,在施用有效成分约为0.02~0.04 g/m2,施药1~2次,每次施药间隔期为7 d的情况下,北京市试验地内,10%丁醚脲微乳剂在甘蓝中的残留量为ND~0.18 mg/kg,土壤中的残留量为0.09~0.37 mg/kg;湖南冷水江市试验地内,10%丁醚脲微乳剂在甘蓝中的残留量为ND~0.24 mg/kg;土壤中的残留量为0.11~0.46mg/kg.对照日本的最大残留限量标准,产品符合我国及日本规定的质量安全要求. 相似文献
717.
威海海域文昌鱼的重金属含量 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
通过对威海海域文昌鱼体内Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg含量的测定,结果表明,在文昌鱼体内重金属元素的浓度依次为:Zn>Cu>Hg>Cd>Pb;跟其他动物相比,文昌鱼体内非生物体必需的金属元素含量较低,而生物体必需的金属元素含量较高.通过对文昌鱼体内重金属元素浓度的统计分析,发现:Cu与Zn之间相关性较强.Hg、Cu、Zn与体长和体重的相关关系都较强.Cu与Zn、Hg与体长、Hg与体重、Cd与体长和Cd与体重成正线性相关关系,其余均成负线性相关关系.从多元线性回归情况来看,体长和体重与Hg、Cu、Zn之间存在较强的相关关系.因而,综合来看,文昌鱼的体长和体重与体内重金属含量关系很大,可以较好地反映体内Hg、Cu、Zn的含量情况. 相似文献
718.
气相色谱法测定工业废水中联苯与菲 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
文章研究了一种新的测定废水中联苯及菲含量的方法,该方法采用气相色谱薄涂柱,对联苯与菲进行了有效的分离与测定。该方法具有固定液用量少,柱温低,分离效果好,分析速度快等特点,利用该对废水样进行了测定,取得了满意的结果。 相似文献
719.
碳管吸收气相色谱法测定大气中的非甲烷烃 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
文章研究了用碳管吸收大气中的非甲烷烃,经热解吸后,用气相色谱氢火 离子检测器进行测定的方法。本文色谱柱为玻璃微球填充柱。与其它方法比较,本法简便、快速,重现性好。 相似文献
720.
Qingrong Qian Motoi Machida Masami Aikawa Hideki Tatsumoto 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2008,10(1):53-61
Activated carbons were prepared from cattle manure compost (CMC) by ZnCl2 activation with various ZnCl2/CMC mass ratios. Based on the N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, mathematical models including the Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR) equation, the αs plot, and the Horvath-Kawazoe method were used to analyze the pore structural characteristics of the prepared activated carbons.
It was found that for carbons possessing both micro-and mesopores, the DR method provided a more accurate estimation than
the αs method for the extent of microporosity. The effect of the ZnCl2 impregnation ratio on the pore structure was discussed using the DR method. The results revealed that pore evolution involved
three distinct regions with increases in the amount of impregnated ZnCl2: raising the ZnCl2/CMC mass ratio from 0.00 to 0.50 resulted in a 19-fold increase in micropore volume (Vme
D) but caused no change in the mesopore volume (Vme
D); increasing the ZnCl2/CMC mass ratio from 0.50 to 1.00 led to an increment in Vmi
D of about 50% and in Vme
D of 170%; while raising the ratio from 1.50 to 2.50 caused a slight decrease in Vmi
D but a 200% increment in the value of Vme
D. 相似文献