NO2对高血压患者血压和脉压的短期影响

为了探讨气态污染物NO₂对高血压患者血压水平和脉压的短期影响,本文基于前瞻性队列研究,收集甘肃省金昌市2011年1月1日~2015年11月30日逐日NO₂监测数据及同期气象观测数据,运用混合效应模型,在控制随机效应及其他混杂因素的基础上,分析NO₂与高血压患者血压水平和脉压的关联性.结果表明：（1）NO₂在滞后1d（lag1）时平均浓度每升高1个IQR,收缩压升高0.457mmHg（0.131~0.784）,滞后7d（lag7）和4d（lag4）时,NO₂的平均浓度每升高1个IQR,舒张压上升0.276mmHg（0.025~0.527）,脉压上升0.402mmHg（0.047~0.758）,且结果均具有统计学意义.（2）性别、年龄、BMI、吸烟、饮酒、季节在NO₂对高血压患者血压水平和脉压的效应中可能具有修饰作用.多污染物模型及调整沙尘影响后,NO₂对高血压患者血压及脉压的影响保持一致.     

"十三五"环境保护的网络舆情研究

以百度为数据获取渠道,综合分析了以下几类环境保护网络舆情:(1) 环境保护"十三五"规划的网络舆情分析,包括网民关注热点和网民特征;(2)"十二五"期间,网民对"空气"、"水资源"、"生活垃圾"、"噪声"、"土壤"等问题的总体关注度;(3)"十二五"期间,网民对"空气"、"水资源"、"噪声"、"土壤"四类问题的关注焦点.把握网络舆情发展的规律和趋势,加强引导和管理,将有助于环境保护"十三五"规划的有效实施.     

抚仙湖夏季热分层时期水温及水质分布特征

为探究高原深水湖泊抚仙湖夏季热分层时期水温水质空间特征及昼间变化规律,于2014年7月在抚仙湖南部、中部及北部各选取一个代表点位,开展了各点分层采样及北部点位昼间连续分层采样调查观测.结果表明:(1)抚仙湖夏季水温分布具有明显的深水湖泊成层期温度分布特征,表面至水深15 m为变温层,水温变幅25.51~22.81℃,15~40 m为温跃层,水温变幅22.81~14.72℃,40 m以下为等温层,水温变幅14.72~13.70℃.湖体表层与湖底层的最大温差为11.8℃,与温带湖泊同期相比温差较小,而湖底等温层水温为14℃左右,较温带湖泊为高,体现了抚仙湖高原深水湖泊自身的水温成层特征.(2)水温成层决定了湖体的化学成层与生态成层特征:pH、溶解氧(DO)及电导率均呈现出与水温分布相同的分层结构,值得关注的是湖底层DO浓度低至2~3 mg·L~(-1),作为贫营养湖泊,抚仙湖底层开始出现溶解氧偏低的现象昭示着其可能面临潜在的生态风险;总磷(TP)及总氮(TN)由于温跃层的阻隔,等温层呈现一定程度的营养盐累积效应;叶绿素a与高锰酸盐指数也均与水温分层存在对应的响应关系,在湖体上层出现最大值.(3)抚仙湖热分层时期,水温分层存在昼间变化,中午光照辐射增强导致温跃层下潜,强度变大,厚度变窄,显著影响变温层和温跃层的pH、DO、电导率及叶绿素a等动态分布,TP、TN及高锰酸盐指数的昼间变化规律不显著.     

ANAMMOX的快速启动及EPS在ANAMMOX颗粒污泥中的空间分布

为探讨厌氧氨氧化反应的快速启动过程及胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)在厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥中的空间分布,采用厌氧序批式反应器(anaerobic sequencing batch reactor,ASBR)接种活性污泥成功启动厌氧氨氧化反应.结果表明稳定运行时,NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N去除率均达到99%以上,TN去除率为89.87%±0.43%,总氮(TN)去除负荷达到1.7kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).NH_4~+-N与NO_2~--N的消耗量和NO_3~--N生成量之间的比例关系为1∶(1.32±0.08)∶(0.24±0.03).反应器运行中,出水pH和NO_3~--N浓度可作为反应性能的指标,快速判断反应器运行情况.蛋白质为厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS的主要组分,蛋白质(PN)和多糖(PS)的含量分别为(59.61±5.64)mg·g~(-1)、(12.21±2.04)mg·g~(-1),PN/PS为4.88±1.39.β-D-呋喃葡萄糖和死细胞集中分布在颗粒污泥最外层;活细胞、蛋白质、脂类、α-呋喃葡萄糖和α-甘露糖遍布整个颗粒污泥,但主要集中在外侧.蛋白质和脂类构成了厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的骨架,厌氧氨氧化菌分布在蛋白质和脂类中间.     

广州市主要污染物总量减排环境绩效评价

“十一五”期间,广州市主要污染物COD和SO2排放总量持续下降,经初步核算,2010年COD和S02排放量分别比2005年下降2．7万吨和6．5万吨,减排比例分别达到19．7％和43％,总量减排工作顺利完成。减排对环境改善明显,珠江广州河段主要污染指标浓度值均有所下降,COD年均浓度从2005的20．7毫克／升下降至2010年的13．6毫克／升,下降幅度达34．3％,整体水环境质量得到根本好转;空气环境质量优良率逐年上升,大气主要污染指标年均浓度值基本呈现逐年下降的态势,SO2从2005年年平均浓度为0．053毫克／立方米下降至2010年的0．033毫克／立方米,下降幅度达37．7％,空气质量持续得到好转。     

Combination of heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction and photocatalysis using Co-TiO2 nanocatalyst for activation of KHSO5 with visible light irradiation at ambient conditions

A novel coupled system using Co–Ti O2 was successfully designed which combined two different heterogeneous advanced oxidation processes, sulfate radical based Fenton-like reaction（SR-Fenton） and visible light photocatalysis（Vis-Photo）, for degradation of organic contaminants. The synergistic effect of SR-Fenton and Vis-Photo was observed through comparative tests of 50 mg/L Rhodamine B（Rh B） degradation and TOC removal. The Rhodamine B degradation rate and TOC removal were 100% and 68.1% using the SR-Fenton/Vis-Photo combined process under ambient conditions, respectively. Moreover, based on XRD, XPS and UV-DRS characterization, it can be deduced that tricobalt tetroxide located on the surface of the catalyst is the SR-Fenton active site, and cobalt ion implanted in the Ti O2 lattice is the reason for the visible light photocatalytic activity of Co–Ti O2. Finally, the effects of the calcination temperature and cobalt concentration on the synergistic performance were also investigated and a possible mechanism for the synergistic system was proposed. This coupled system exhibited excellent catalytic stability and reusability,and almost no dissolution of Co2＋was found.     

控释尿素对污染土壤镉有效性的影响

通过培养试验,研究了普通尿素(PU)、硫包膜尿素(SCU)和树脂包膜尿素(PCU)在最大田间持水量(湿润)和60%田间持水量(适宜湿度)对污染土壤Cd有效性的影响.结果表明,不同水分条件下包膜尿素对土壤Cd有效性的影响差异显著.培养60d后水溶态Cd含量最大田间持水量下均显著低于60%田间持水量下.最大田间持水量下施用PU、SCU和PCU均降低了水溶态Cd含量,降低程度为PCU>PU>SCU;施用SCU和PCU均降低了有效态Cd含量,降低程度为SCU>PCU. 60%田间持水量下施用PU和PCU均降低了水溶态Cd含量,降低程度为PU>PCU;施用PU、SCU和PCU均降低了有效态Cd含量,降低程度为PCU>PU>SCU.不同控释尿素和水分含量对水溶态Cd的影响较有效态Cd的影响更加突出.最大田间持水量下水溶性SO42-含量与有效态Cd含量呈显著正相关;60%田间持水量下铵态氮含量与水溶态Cd含量呈显著负相关,硝态氮含量与有效态Cd含量呈显著负相关.在Cd污染的酸性土壤旱作中,湿润状态下宜施用SCU,适宜湿度下宜施用PCU,以降低土壤Cd的有效性.     

低碳经济的消费行为研究述评与政策启示

文章认为目前我国低碳经济推进过程中缺乏对作为市场主体的消费者的可持续消费行为关键动因和决策机制的细致探索。本文在对国际上可持续消费行为影响因素模型研究成果进行评述的基础上,提出了以上研究对于支撑我国低碳经济发展的可持续消费的政策启示。     

Mechanisms of photochemical release of dissolved organic matter and iron from resuspended sediments

Photochemical reactions can alter the transformation of sedimentary organic matter into dissolved organic matter (DOM) and affect its ultimate fate in water ecosystems. In the present study, the photorelease of DOM and Fe from resuspended lake sediments was investigated under different O₂ and NO₃^? concentration conditions to study the mechanisms of DOM and Fe photorelease. The amount of photoreleased Fe, which ranged from 0.22 to 0.70 μmol/L, was significantly linearly correlated with the amount of photoreleased DOM. O₂ and NO₃^? could promote the photochemical release of DOM and Fe, especially during the initial 4 h irradiation. In general, the order of the photorelease rates of DOM and Fe under different conditions was as follows: NO₃^?/aerobic > aerobic ≈ NO₃^?/anaerobic > anaerobic. The photorelease rates of DOM and Fe were higher for the initial 4 hr irradiation than these for the subsequent 8 hr irradiation. The photorelease of DOM and Fe is thought to proceed via direct photodissolution and indirect processes. The relative contributions of indirect processes (>60%) was much greater than that of direct photodissolution (<40%). The photoproduced H₂O₂ under aerobic and anaerobic conditions indicated that hydroxyl radicals (?OH) are involved in the photorelease of DOM. Using ?OH scavengers, it was found that 38.7%, 53.7%, and 77.6% of photoreleased DOM was attributed to ?OH under anaerobic, aerobic, and NO₃^?/aerobic conditions, respectively. Our findings provide insights for understanding the mechanisms and the important role of ?OH in the DOM and Fe photorelease from resuspended sediments.     

亚临界水解预处理稻草秸秆制备活性炭及表征

通过以稻草秸秆的亚临界预处理中产生的残渣作为实验材料,以氯化锌作为活化剂制备具有吸附性能的活性炭,研究了活化温度,活化时间,浸渍时间以及浸渍比等4个因素对生成活性炭的性能影响,设计正交实验制备活性炭.以低温液氮吸附测定活性炭的比表面积和孔容、孔径分布,以扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观测活性炭表面形貌,并以亚甲基蓝(MB)作为吸附质,研究了活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附动力学和吸附等温线.结果表明,活化温度900℃,活化时间60 min,浸渍比1∶5,浸渍时间12 h,当氯化锌质量分数为20%时,制得相应活性炭的碘值为1 122.79 mg.g-1,亚甲基蓝吸附值为136.50 mg.g-1.亚甲基蓝在活性炭上的吸附基本符合Langmuir方程,且准二级动力学模型能很好地描述活性炭对亚甲蓝的吸附过程;热力学研究表明,吸附吉布斯自由能(ΔG0)<0,而焓变(ΔH0)>0,说明吸附为吸热的自发反应过程,升温有利于吸附.