钼矿区周边农田土壤中重金属污染状况的分析与评价

对钼矿区周边农田土壤重金属污染情况进行了详细研究.选择该矿区受污染农田土壤样本80个,采用HNO3-HF-HClO4混酸对土壤样品进行处理,运用欧共体参比司推荐的BCR三步连续提取法进行化学形态分析;使用等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定土壤样品中Mo、Pb、As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Zn、Cu、Ni的全量及各种化学形态的含量并进行评价,同时对矿区地下水进行分析;采用spas软件进行数据分析.结果表明,矿山周边农田土壤重金属主要污染物为Cd、Hg并伴有Cr污染;Nemerow综合指数6.81,综合评价结果为该区土壤已受严重污染;Cd与As污染来源基本相同,Cu、Ni、Zn污染来源基本相同,Hg有独立的污染来源;重金属中化学形态分布为残余态>有机结合态>氧化结合态>酸可提取态;重金属Cr及Hg的有效态比例较大,可能会影响农作物的正常生长;矿山周边农田土壤重金属污染的原因可能是污染地下水的浇灌,矿石的开采、运输和大气降尘等过程;有机农药及塑料农用制品的施用过程,自然成土、矿物的伴生及其转化等过程.     

Environmental assessment of organic soybean (Glycine max.) imported from China to Denmark: a case study

Growing global trade with organic products has increased the demand for environmental impact assessments during both production and transport. Environmental hotspots of organic soybeans produced in China and imported to Denmark were identified in a case study using a life cycle assessment approach. Furthermore, environmental impacts of organic and conventional soybeans at farm gate were compared in the case study. The total global warming potential (GWP) per ton organic soybeans imported to Denmark revealed that 51% came from transportation and 35% from the farm level. Comparing organic and conventional soybean at farm gate showed that GWP, non-renewable energy use, acidification and eutrophication was lower per ton organic soybeans, whereas land use was slightly higher.     

阿特拉津在土壤中的降解途径及其对持留性的影响

通过田间和实验室试验，研究了除草剂阿特拉津在土壤中的降解代谢规律及其与土壤特性的关系。试验表明，阿特拉津施用后、在作物生长期内可降解９０％以上，土壤酸碱度对阿特拉津在土壤中的代谢有显著影响。在碱性土壤中阿特拉津主要经过微生物代谢而被降解；在酸性土壤中化学水解占优势地位。阿特拉津在强酸性土壤中的持留性（半衰期为６３ｄ）低于弱酸性土壤中的持留性（半衰期为８４ｄ），而在碱性土壤中由于较强的微生物降解作用，其持留性（半衰期为５１ｄ）最低。     

Contributions of deposited particles to pine needle polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

The contributions of deposited particles (P) to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels in pine (Cedrus deodar) needles sampled from the Dalian region were evaluated by washing off the particles from pine needle surfaces. P values ranged from 4.4 +/- 2.2% for fluorene to 69.9 +/- 4.0% for indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, and positively correlated with the logarithm of octanol-air partition coefficients (log K OA) of each PAH significantly. P and the total levels of 14 PAHs under study ( summation PAHs), that ranged from 490 to 3241 ng g(-1) dw (dry weight) with median value of 1521 ng g(-1) dw, were high for traffic areas, and low for residential or park areas, implying the significant contributions of PAHs in both gas and particle phases emitted by vehicles. However, PAH profiles in pine needles were not significantly altered by the washing, due to the low fractions (2-5%) of the 5- and 6-ring PAHs in summation PAHs. The high wind speed and frequently alternating wind directions in the Dalian spring could quicken the depuration processes of pine needle PAHs. Thus, the local meteorological conditions and source variations should be taken into account when using pine needles to implicate seasonal variations of atmospheric semi-volatile organic compounds.     

Size and resin fractionations of dissolved organic matter and trihalomethane precursors from four typical source waters in China

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its potential to form disinfection by-products (DBPs) during drinking water treatment raise challenges to water quality control. Understanding both chemical and physical characteristics of DOM in source waters is key to better water treatment. In this study, the DOM from four typical source waters in China was fractionated by XAD resin adsorption (RA) and ultrafiltration (UF) techniques. The trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) of all fractions in the DOM were investigated to reveal the major THM precursors. The fraction distributions of DOM could be related to their geographical origins in a certain extent. The dominant chemical fraction as THM precursors in the DOM from south waters (East-Lake reservoir in Shenzhen and Peal rivers in Guangzhou) was hydrophobic acid (HoA). The size fraction with molecular weight (MW) <1 kDa in both south waters had the highest THMFP. The results of cluster analysis showed that the parameters of fractions including DOC percentage (DOC%), UV₂₅₄%, SUVA₂₅₄ (specific UV₂₅₄ absorbance) and THMFP were better for representing the differences of DOM from the studied waters than specific THMFP (STHMFP). The weak correlation between SUVA₂₅₄ and STHMFP for either size or XAD fractions suggests that whether SUVA₂₅₄ can be used as an indicator for the reactivity of THM formation is highly dependent on the nature of organic matter.     

冷冻胁迫对芦荟叶肉细胞原生质体中Ca2+、Na+分布的影响

低温和冻害是造成巨大农业损失和植物死亡的主要逆境因子。为揭示冷冻胁迫对植物细胞中离子分布的影响,选择芦荟细胞原生质体为受试材料,使用离子选择性微电极检测了经冷冻处理后的芦荟原生质体在低渗液中破裂时产生的Ca~(2+)浓度脉冲信号,并同时检测Na~+浓度脉冲信号作为对比。研究了冷冻温度、解冻时间和ZnO NPs处理等因素对冷冻胁迫下芦荟原生质体中Ca~(2+)分布的影响。结果表明,与未经冷冻处理的原生质体相对比,经过冷冻处理的原生质体破裂后,其Ca~(2+)脉冲信号前沿处发生明显的"凹陷",这说明,原生质体中Ca~(2+)分布出现分层现象,靠近细胞中心浓度较高而细胞膜附近浓度较低。这一分层现象在温度为-7℃时开始出现,原生质体解冻5 h后仍未消失。经过ZnO NPs预处理后再进行冷冻的原生质体,其Ca~(2+)脉冲凹陷深度明显减小。而当用ZnO NPs处理解冻后的原生质体时,其Ca~(2+)分层现象消失。冷冻胁迫下芦荟原生质体内Ca~(2+)分布发生显著变化,表明原生质体内Ca~(2+)分布变化与其抗寒反应存在一定关系。与Ca~(2+)相反,Na~+的分布几乎不受冷冻因素的影响。ZnO NPs处理对冷冻芦荟原生质体中Ca~(2+)浓度分布分层有明显的缓解作用,表明一定浓度范围的ZnO NPs在缓解冷冻造成的Ca~(2+)流动性下降,维持细胞Ca~(2+)分布的调控能力方面,具有一定的积极影响。     

Effects of Cd and Pb on soil microbial community structure and activities

Background, aim, and scope  

Soil contamination with heavy metals occurs as a result of both anthropogenic and natural activities. Heavy metals could have long-term hazardous impacts on the health of soil ecosystems and adverse influences on soil biological processes. Soil enzymatic activities are recognized as sensors towards any natural and anthropogenic disturbance occurring in the soil ecosystem. Similarly, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) is also considered as one of the important soil biological activities frequently influenced by heavy metal contamination. The polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) has recently been used to investigate changes in soil microbial community composition in response to environmental stresses. Soil microbial community structure and activities are difficult to elucidate using single monitoring approach; therefore, for a better insight and complete depiction of the soil microbial situation, different approaches need to be used. This study was conducted in a greenhouse for a period of 12 weeks to evaluate the changes in indigenous microbial community structure and activities in the soil amended with different application rates of Cd, Pb, and Cd/Pb mix. In a field environment, soil is contaminated with single or mixed heavy metals; so that, in this research, we used the selected metals in both single and mixed forms at different application rates and investigated their toxic effects on microbial community structure and activities, using soil enzyme assays, plate counting, and advanced molecular DGGE technique. Soil microbial activities, including acid phosphatase (ACP), urease (URE), and MBC, and microbial community structure were studied.     

腐熟污泥对废水中Cd(Ⅱ)与Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附性能研究

利用腐熟污泥作为一种重金属吸附剂,考察其对水中重金属锌和镉的吸附过程.实验数据的拟合采用了Pseudo-first Order-和Pseudo-second Order 2种动力学模型以及Langmuir和Freundlich 2种吸附等温线模型;拟合结果表明,腐熟污泥对锌与镉的吸附过程符合Pseudo-second ...     

面向人体暴露评价的植物中抗生素分析进展

抗生素通过动物粪便或生物固体的施用、再生水灌溉进入农业土壤后可以被蔬菜和粮食作物吸收,从而造成人体的被动暴露。为了评估抗生素对人体暴露的健康风险,需要基于植物样品,发展灵敏、稳定且针对性强的分析方法。本文综述了植物样品中抗生素残留分析的研究进展,重点介绍了样品提取、净化等前处理方法及其仪器分析方法,并对植物样品中抗生素分析的研究方向进行了展望。     

上海港区船舶防污漆中Irgarol 1051的环境风险评价

Irgarol 1051是一种常用于船舶防污漆的杀生活性物质。为了评价船舶防污漆杀生活性物质Irgarol 1051的海洋环境风险,根据ISO 13073-1的评价原则和程序,对其进行环境危害评价、环境暴露评价和风险表征。通过对公共数据库的文献检索获取数据,从理化性质、环境行为、生态毒性3个方面评价Irgarol 1051的环境危害。采用评估因子法计算Irgarol 1051的预测无效应浓度(PNEC)。采用质量守恒法计算Irgarol 1051在海水中的释放率,通过MAMPEC v3.0模型推导上海洋山深水港的集装箱船区、码头、航道等暴露场景的预测环境浓度(PEC)。经过比较上述暴露场景的风险商值(PEC/PNEC)发现,港口的海水相风险商值大于1,Irgarol 1051的环境风险需要关注。