德国节能减排多措并举

德国针对能源匮乏的现状,把节约能源作为政府能源开发利用的一贯政策来推动。文章介绍了德国政府在重视节能技术研发、节能服务体系建设、能源统计、建筑节能、可再生能源开发和综合利用以及加强宣传教育、增强节约意识等方面所做的有益探索实践和取得的经验。对我国开展节能减排工作有较好借鉴意义。     

Dioxin-like compounds in agricultural soils near e-waste recycling sites from Taizhou area, China: chemical and bioanalytical characterization

The crude recycling of electronic and electric waste (e-waste) is now creating a new set of environmental problems especially in developing countries such as China. The present study aimed to characterize the dioxin-like compounds in Taizhou area, one of the largest e-waste recycling centers in China, using both chemical analysis and in vitro bioassay. Agricultural soil samples were screened for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activity with EROD bioassay in H4IIE cells, and the concentrations of the target AhR agonists including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined by instruments. The bioassay-derived TCDD equivalents (TEQ(bio)) and the chemical-calculated TCDD equivalents (TEQ(cal)) were then compared, and mass balance analysis was conducted to identify the contributors of the observed response. Raw soil extracts from all locations induced significant AhR activities, where the TEQ(bio) ranged from 5.3 to 210 pg/g dry weight soil (pg/g dw). The total concentrations of 17 PCDD/Fs, 36 PCBs and 16 PAHs varied from 210 to 850 pg/g dw, 11 to 100 ng/g dw, and 330 to 20,000 ng/g dw, respectively. Profile characterization of the target analytes revealed that there were similar sources originating from the crude dismantling of electric power equipments and the open burning of e-waste. There was a significant relationship between TEQ(cal) and TEQ(bio) (r=0.99, p<0.05). Based on the mass balance analysis, PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PAHs could account for the observed AhR responses in vitro elicited by soil extracts, though their respective contributions varied depending on sample location. In this study, the combination of chemical analysis and bioanalytical measurements proved valuable for screening, identifying and prioritizing the causative agents within complex environmental matrices.     

潮汐循环影响下上覆水环境因子和氮营养盐的变化及其相关关系

潮汐循环对水体理化特征的短期影响是潮汐河口各种理化参数变化的一个重要原因。通过崇明东旺沙堤外低潮滩和东海农场低潮滩采样及环境因子分析，发现崇明东滩各环境因子之间（除浊度外）相关性较好，均呈宽 “U”型变化；东海农场各环境因子之间相关性较差，变化不一致，且盐度、电导率变化与崇明东滩变化相反；受潮汐循环影响，崇明东滩涨潮初期各形态氮有明显释放过程，而东海农场的近底层水体在涨潮初期NH4+ N急剧下降，NOX- N缓慢下降；无论是在崇明东滩还是在东海农场，营养盐浓度受环境因子的共同影响，整个潮汐循环过程中总无机氮（TIN）与盐度呈显著线性负相关，这与整个长江口近岸水体的营养盐负荷相一致，长江上游淡水带来的高负荷营养盐流经河口进入海洋。     

组合式生物膜法处理炼油废水的研究

针对炼油废水成分复杂、有毒物质含量高和可生化性差的特点,采用组合式生物膜法进行处理.试验结果表明,该工艺对COD、NH3-N和挥发酚(Ar-OH)具有较好的去除效果,去除率分别为92.6%、96.5%和98.1%,达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级标准.     

安阳市大型工业区和周围社区土壤中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

为了解安阳市大型工业区和周围社区表层土壤中重金属元素的分布特征和健康风险,用ICP-OES测定了样品中9种重金属元素的含量.结果 表明:Zn、Cu、Pb、Mn、As、Cd、Cr、Co和Ni在社区表层土壤中的平均浓度为71.0、25.6、43.2、548、118.4、0.71、59.5、18.8、24.5 mg/kg;在...     

Preparation and application of amino functionalized mesoporous nanofiber membrane via electrospinning for adsorption of Cr3+ from aqueous solution

Novel amino (-NH₂) functionalized mesoporous polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)/SiO₂ composite nanofiber membranes were fabricated by a one-step electrospinning method using poly (vinyl alcohol) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) mixed with cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as the structure directing agent. Ureidopropyltriethoxysilane was used for functionalization of the internal pore surfaces. The membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), element analyzer and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. The nanofiber diameters, average pore diameters and surface areas were 100-700 nm, 2.86 nm and 873.62 m²/g, respectively. These mesoporous membranes functionalized with -NH₂ groups exhibited very high adsorptions properties based on the adsorption of Cr³⁺+ from an aqueous solution. Equilibrium adsorption was achieved after approximately 20 min and more than 97% of chromium ions in the solution were removed. The membrane could be regenerated through acidification.     

高效菌种处理制药废水的研究

青霉素在其生产过程中排放出高浓度有机废液水,该废液COD浓度高,成分复杂,可生化性差,是环境工程领域的研究难题。文章提出一种高效菌种处理青霉素废水的技术,试验表明,用此高效菌种处理制药废水有较好的处理效果。     

多种废弃物混合厌氧发酵产气及对重金属的影响

为综合利用多种废弃物混合发酵产沼气及解决沼渣中重金属污染问题,选用猪粪为主料,麦秸、蓝藻、磷矿粉作为辅料,厌氧污泥为微生物接种源,将多种废弃物组合发酵.通过分析不同原料组合的产气效果及对沼渣重金属的钝化效果来探究最佳产气和钝化重金属的原料组合.结果表明:各配比试验中"猪粪+污泥+麦秸"组合(ZJ)产气效果最佳,总产气量是"猪粪+污泥+蓝藻"组合(ZL)的4.8倍,日产气量较ZL组提前3 d达到极值;磷矿粉对各组沼渣中的重金属均有钝化作用,"猪粪+污泥+麦秸+磷矿粉"(ZJ1)组合对沼渣中重金属Cu、Zn钝化效果最优,残渣态分配率分别升高了 5.25个百分点和6.77个百分点;ZJ1沼渣重金属生物有效性下降率最高,Cu、Zn生物有效性分别下降了50.39％和59.25％.蓝藻对发酵沼渣中Cu、Zn则具有活化作用,其Cu、Zn生物有效性分别增加了 28.04％和20.69％.因此,猪粪、污泥、秸秆、磷矿粉通过合适配比进行厌氧发酵,既能绿色产能使多种污染物资源化,又能降低沼渣中重金属污染,为多种污染物协同厌氧发酵产沼气提供理论依据和参考.     

巢湖水体散射和后向散射特性研究

湖泊水体散射特性的研究对湖泊水色要素遥感反演模型的发展具有重要的意义.本研究利用AC-S和ECO-BB9实测了巢湖水体的散射系数和后向散射系数,在分析光谱变化特性的基础上,构建了悬浮颗粒物散射系数和后向散射系数的幂函数光谱模型,获得的光谱指数分别为0.86和3.24.研究发现悬浮颗粒物散射系数与TSM和ISM都存在较好的线性函数关系,进而提出水体中总悬浮颗粒物的比散射系数为0.6364(10-3m2·mg-1),无机悬浮颗粒物的比散射系数为0.9108(10-3m2·mg-1).同时,分析了悬浮颗粒物后向散射率和折射指数的变化,其变化范围分别为0.003～0.026和1.02～1.06.     

外源铅在4种土壤中的老化特征及对土壤化学性质的影响

采用化学提取和梯度薄膜扩散技术(DGT)探究外源铅(Pb)在不同类型土壤中老化的形态变化规律,考察了外源Pb添加对土壤pH、阳离子交换量(CEC)和可溶性有机质(DOC)等的影响,初步建立了土壤Pb生物有效性的预测模型.结果表明:EDTA提取态Pb含量随老化时间的延长而降低;准二级动力学方程可较好地表达有效态Pb在老化过程中的动力学特征,方程的参数反映了Pb处理浓度的增加延长了老化达平衡的时间,所有供试土壤的EDTA提取态Pb含量在3个月后基本达到老化平衡;不同提取态Pb含量和变化不同,CaCl_2提取态Pb含量最少、变化最大,HNO_3提取态Pb含量变化最小;外源Pb添加会降低土壤pH,但对CEC和DOC无明显影响;随着老化时间的延长,土壤pH升高,CEC无明显变化,DOC显著降低;土壤水溶态Pb和DOC可用来预测DGT测定的有效态Pb含量,预测效果较好.