基于计算机流程模拟的氨合成工段节能减排分析

采用过程稳态模拟方法,通过计算机模拟氨合成工段生产流程,以灵敏度分析为手段,对某合成氨厂合成工段制冷系统和换热系统进行节能减排分析。分析结果表明：氨冷温度为-10—0℃时,放空气中氢气排放量呈线性递减;在-7℃时,氨气排放量存在一个极大值;氨冷温度对氢气排放量和制冷量的影响明显,而对氨气排放量影响很小;塔前预热器（热侧）出口气体温度越低,废热锅炉回收热量越多,水冷器损失热量越少;预热器出口气体温度为110℃时,系统回收热量与损失热量相等。最后,提出了节能减排的清洁生产方案。     

PCDDs/PCDFs and PCBs in water samples from the Three Gorge Reservoir

The Three Gorge Reservoir (TGR) is the largest reservoir in China and its water quality is an important health concern, we have determined the concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs and PCBs in the water samples collected at three seasons: August 2004, January 2005 and August 2005. The results showed that the average WHO-TEQ of total dioxins-like compounds (PCDDs/PCDFs+PCBs) was 0.06558 pg l(-1), ranged from 0.0008 to 0.32439 pg l(-1), which are much lower than other reported water sources. The main dioxins (PCDDs/PCDFs) are hepta- and octa-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) and chlorinated dibenzofurans (CDFs). Since the levels of dioxins may change after the last water-store stage, the present study provides important data to compare the water quality in the TGR in the future.     

Acute and chronic toxicities of tributyltin to various life stages of the marine polychaete Hydroides elegans

Experiments were performed to determine the acute and chronic toxicities of tributyltin (TBT) (nominal concentrations) to polychaete Hydroides elegans. Firstly, static tests were performed to examine the lethal effect of TBT on five life stages of H. elegans. The 48-h LC(50) (95% CI) for the eggs, 2-cells, trochophores, juveniles and adults was 0.18 (0.15-0.20), 0.97 (0.77-1.23), 2.36 (2.11-2.65), 2.86 (2.63-3.12) and 4.36 (4.04-4.71) microg TBT l(-1), respectively. Secondly, a 17-d static renewal chronic test was conducted to study sensitivity of the early development (egg to juvenile) to TBT. The survivorship, percent settlement and time to reach settlement were significantly reduced at 0.01 microg TBT l(-1). Effects of TBT on the juvenile growth and maturation were also studied through a 44-d chronic test. Lower survivorship and reduced tube growth were observed only at >or= 1 microg TBT l(-1), however, only H. elegans exposed to or= 0.1 microg TBT l(-1). Our results indicate that the early development of H. elegans is highly sensitive to TBT and this polychaete can be routinely employed as a test organism for both acute and chronic ecotoxicity bioassays in tropical and subtropical regions such as southern China.     

Mineralization of C.I. Reactive Yellow 84 in aqueous solution by sonolytic ozonation

The operational parameters and mechanism of mineralization of C.I. Reactive Yellow 84 (RY84), one of the azo dyes, in aqueous solution were investigated using sonolytic ozonation (US/O(3) oxidation). Of the pseudo-first-order degradation rate constants of TOC reduction, 9.0 x 10(-4), 7.3 x 10(-3) and 1.8 x 10(-2)min(-1) were observed with US, O3, and a combination of US and O3, respectively. These results illustrate that ozonation combined with sonolysis for removal of TOC is more efficient than ozonation alone or ultrasonic irradiation alone without considering the operating costs. With the initial pH value at 10.0, the ozone dose at 4.5 g h(-1), the energy density of ultrasound at 176 W l(-1), and the initial concentration of RY84 at 100 mg l(-1), the extent of mineralization measured as TOC loss was maximized. The variation of the concentrations of related ions (oxalate, formate, acetate, NO3(-), NO2(-), NH4(+), Cl(-), and SO4(2-)) during the reaction process was monitored. Other organic intermediates detected by GC/MS were N-methyleneaniline, phthalic acid, 4-hydroxyphthalic acid, isocyanatobenzene, aniline, 4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one, butene diacid and urea. Based on these findings, a tentative degradation pathway was proposed.     

电子环保循环经济方案分析

根据我国电子废物回收处理的现状,分析存在的问题,并提出相关对策。通过对北京海淀区“电子环保.循环经济”方案,从管理和技术的角度突出了政府推动和市场拉动相结合的方法在建立完善电子废物回收处理链及逐步构建完整IT产业链的重要作用,其思路和做法具有推广价值。     

快速生物活性测定方法的仪器化

好氧活性污泥法在污水处理中应用广泛.保持污泥活性,是良好处理效果的前提,也是运行控制的主要目标.活性污泥的呼吸速率,或者氧利用速率(oxygen uptake rate,OUR),能够指示污泥的活性变化.本研究开发的快速生物活性测定仪(rapid biological activity tester,RBAT),能够快速测定污泥活性参数,满足工程设计与运行的迫切要求.     

武钢炼铁厂4号高炉出铁场除尘综述

介绍了武钢炼铁厂4号高炉出铁场烟尘捕集的重要性,分析了高炉出铁口烟尘捕集采用布袋除尘器方式,指出了其发展趋势。     

Nature Reserve and Ecotourism Development in China＇s Wuzhishan Mountain Region

As the protected areas of land and coastal environment, nature reserves are designed to address how to reconcile the conservation of biodiversity, the quest for economic and social development and the maintenance of cultural values. This paper establishes a framework for nature reserve development that seeks to incorporate ecotourism into its strategies. The overall purpose was to identify the information needs required for a comprehensive nature reserve that incorporates ecotourism related values. It also illustrates the utility of this framework in the context of the Wuzhishan Mountain Region of China. A literature review, the first phase of a visionary strategy and a subsequent gap analysis for available management information were undertaken in order to achieve this paper＇s purpose. Finally, recommendations axe pre-sented for integrating ecotourism into nature reserve development in the Wuzhishan Mountain Region.     

试论人口—资源—环境与经济的协调发展

人口、资源、环境与经济之间是相互制约又相互依存的动态关系,四者的协调发展包括“有限协调发展”和“完全协调发展”两个层次,其实质是弱化、消除其间的消极关系和消极影响,同时充分利用和促进其间的积极关系,实现四者之间的良性循环。我国作为一个发展中的人口大国,“协调发展战略”应以不影响长远的持续发展为前提,把经济发展置于中心位置,强调在发展经济的过程中要同时解决人口、资源与环境问题。     

ECONOMIC VALUATION OF RIPARIAN BUFFER AND OPEN SPACE IN A SUBURBAN WATERSHED1

Abstract: This study evaluates the economic value of riparian buffers and open space in a suburban watershed through two nonmarket valuation methods. A contingent valuation survey was implemented in the Dardenne Creek watershed, a suburban watershed of the St. Louis metropolitan area in Missouri, to evaluate the residents' perceptions of and willingness to pay (WTP) for adopting riparian buffers and preserving farmland in a hypothetical real estate market. A hedonic pricing model based on actual sale prices of homes in the watershed was applied to estimate the market value of open space and other environmental conditions such as flood zone and stream proximity in the study area. The results showed that residents' WTP was consistent with the economic values of open space and proximity to streams embedded in existing home prices. Through a better understanding of residents' perceptions and values, riparian buffer and open space programs can be designed and promoted to achieve greater implementation success and environmental benefit.