污泥资源化处置与综合利用

介绍了污泥处理的目的、方法,提出污泥应作为一种资源进行综合利用。并结合实例阐述了我国污泥农用资源化处置现状及未来发展趋势。     

Design and demonstration of a next-generation air quality attainment assessment system for PM2.5 and O3

Due to the increasingly stringent standards, it is important to assess whether the proposed emission reduction will result in ambient concentrations that meet the standards. The Software for Model Attainment Test—Community Edition(SMAT-CE) is developed for demonstrating attainment of air quality standards of O3 and PM2.5. SMAT-CE improves computational efficiency and provides a number of advanced visualization and analytical functionalities on an integrated GIS platform. SMAT-CE incorporates historical measurements of air quality parameters and simulated air pollutant concentrations under a number of emission inventory scenarios to project the level of compliance to air quality standards in a targeted future year. An application case study of the software based on the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards(NAAQS) shows that SMAT-CE is capable of demonstrating the air quality attainment of annual PM2.5and 8-hour O3 for a proposed emission control policy.     

SH型输油泵轴套密封泄漏原因及解决方法

针对目前中国石化管道储运分公司黄岛油库输油二队个别SH型输油泵接连出现轴套端面密封大量泄漏原油的情况,分析了轴套端面密封泄漏的原因,并从密封材料、密封形式等方面着手,寻找解决密封泄漏的方法,确保输油泵的运行安全.     

甘肃东部旱作区不同气候类型麦田水分供需平衡研究

甘肃东部旱作地区干旱区年降水量小于300mm,半干旱区为300～450mm,半湿润区为450～600mm,湿润区大于600 mm4种气候类型1989～1992年14个测站0～2m深的土壤湿度实测资料,从降水土壤水作物系统观点出发,分析研究旱作小麦的实际耗水指标和耗水特点,探讨麦田水分供需平衡,为发展旱作区小麦高产稳产的栽培管理措施提供科 学依据。     

共存阳离子对砷、硒和钒毒性效应的影响及预测模型研究

为探明并量化共存阳离子存在下含氧阴离子型金属在生物体中的毒性效应,以模式植物小麦(Triticum aestivumL.)为研究对象,通过单一变量控制实验,探究了4种阳离子(Ca⁽²⁺⁾、Mg(2+)、Mg⁽²⁺⁾、Na(2+)、Na⁺和K+和K⁺)对3种典型含氧阴离子型金属(AsO_4+)对3种典型含氧阴离子型金属(AsO_4^(3-)、SeO_3(3-)、SeO_3^(2-)和VO_4(2-)和VO_4^(3-))毒性的影响,并构建了静电作用模型来预测和评估As、Se和V的生态毒性效应与风险。结果表明,Ca(3-))毒性的影响,并构建了静电作用模型来预测和评估As、Se和V的生态毒性效应与风险。结果表明,Ca⁽²⁺⁾对As、Se和V毒性的影响呈现出3种不同的趋势：在相同设计浓度范围内Ca(2+)对As、Se和V毒性的影响呈现出3种不同的趋势：在相同设计浓度范围内Ca⁽²⁺⁾的增加显著引起了As毒性的减弱(Adj.R(2+)的增加显著引起了As毒性的减弱(Adj.R²=0.76,P<0.05)、V毒性的加剧(Adj.R2=0.76,P<0.05)、V毒性的加剧(Adj.R²=0.81,P<0.05),而对Se毒性却没有显著影响。当Mg2=0.81,P<0.05),而对Se毒性却没有显著影响。当Mg⁽²⁺⁾从0.20 mmol·L(2+)从0.20 mmol·L^(-1)增加到2.73 mmol·L(-1)增加到2.73 mmol·L^(-1)时,Se主导形态的半数有效活度值(EC_(50){HSeO+3(-1)时,Se主导形态的半数有效活度值(EC_(50){HSeO+3^-})从40.40 μmol·L-})从40.40 μmol·L^(-1)显著下降为27.98 μmol·L(-1)显著下降为27.98 μmol·L^(-1),即Se毒性增强到原来的1.44倍(Adj.R(-1),即Se毒性增强到原来的1.44倍(Adj.R²=0.79,P<0.05)。静电作用理论能够很好地解释Ca2=0.79,P<0.05)。静电作用理论能够很好地解释Ca⁽²⁺⁾(或Mg(2+)(或Mg⁽²⁺⁾)在显著增强V(或Se)毒性中发挥的作用,将这种静电作用影响纳入考虑成功构建了可以定量预测V(Adj.R(2+))在显著增强V(或Se)毒性中发挥的作用,将这种静电作用影响纳入考虑成功构建了可以定量预测V(Adj.R²=0.88)和Se(Adj.R2=0.88)和Se(Adj.R²=0.95)毒性的静电作用模型。研究结果弥补了目前含氧阴离子型金属生态毒性研究的不足,为含氧阴离子型金属的土壤污染生态风险评估提供了指导与参考。     

放射性核素在海水、底质及海洋生物间的转移--Ⅲ.核素在生物体内分布的生态学意义

本文是放射性核素在海水、底质及海洋生物间转移规律研究的第三部分,着重研究~(137)Cs、~(134)Cs、~(65)Zn、~(60)Co、~(59)Fe、~(54)Mn在毛蚶、文蛤、对虾、罗非鱼各主要组织器官中的分布,并计算各自的富集系数,同时也考察了各种核素在生物各个组织器官中的排出、在底质中的解吸作用以及生物再利用的过程.结果表明肠道和内脏对核素的富集量高,排出也快;外壳、鳃甚至肌肉对核素的富集量低,排出也慢.文中着重讨论了肠道、外壳、鳃在不同情况下成为生物体参与外界环境核素循环主要通道的生态学意义.     

Dechlorane Plus in surface soil of North China: levels,isomer profiles,and spatial distribution

Eighty-seven soil samples collected from North China were analyzed for Dechlorane Plus (DP). The concentrations of DP ranged from not detectable (ND) to 12.21 ng/g with a mean of 0.55 ng/g. The mean concentrations of total DP and syn-DP in four regions of North China were in the following order: Jingjin (Beijing and Tianjin)?>?Shandong?>?Shanxi?>?Hebei, while the mean concentrations of anti-DP in the four regions were in a different order: Shandong?>?Jingjin?>?Shanxi?>?Hebei. The mean f _syn values for Jingjin (0.27), Hebei (0.24), and Shanxi (0.24) were close to 0.25, while the mean f _syn value for Shandong (0.31) was closer to 0.35. In addition, the f _syn value for Shandong was significantly higher (P?<?0.01) than those of the other regions (Jingjin, Heibei, and Shanxi), indicating specific sources of DP. Syn-DP displayed a strong linear relationship with anti-DP (R ²?=?0.74), indicating that no obvious stereoselective process occurred in the soil of North China. Ordinary kriging was undertaken to map the spatial patterns of DP. High concentrations of DP in soils were present in south of Shanxi, central Hebei, south of Tianjin, and the south and northeast of Shandong, which were suggested to be connected with human activities such as e-waste dismantling.     

High mercury leachate containing HgS22 − complex ion: Detoxifying solidification and high efficiency Hg extraction

Clean and efficient treatment of high-mercury leachate produced from remediation of mercury-polluted soil has become a huge challenge for environmental scientists.In this work,cement solidification was firstly adopted to treat the high-concentration mercury leachate,which had high alkalinity.Different mercury concentrations,namely 3.120 mg/L Hg mercury leachate and 9.243 mg/L Hg mercury concentrated leachate,were separately solidified by Portland cement.The results indicated that simply using the cement can properly solidify both the leachates to meet the waste landfill standard,with liquid(mL)/solid(g) ratio(L/S ratio) of4:10–6:10.In order to make full use of mercury in the leachates,a Hg extraction method was subsequently carried out under different experimental parameters,such as temperature and p H value.It was shown that the Hg extraction ratio could reach as high as 99.84% and almost all the mercury in the leachate could be transformed to HgS precipitate;moreover,the Hg concentration in the treated leachate was reduced from 3.120 to 0.005 mg/L at p H 2.98 and 30°C,which was much less than the limit of the national standard,indicating that the leachate had been completely cleaned and could be discharged freely.Hence,simple cement solidification renders high-mercury leachate nontoxic,and the Hg extraction method can successfully recover the Hg and enable the residual leachate to be discharged safely.     

Chemical composition and source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 in different functional areas of Lanzhou, China

To elucidate the air pollution characteristics of northern China, airborne PM_10(atmospheric dynamic equivalent diameter ≤ 10 μm) and PM_(2.5)(atmospheric dynamic equivalent diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) were sampled in three different functional areas(Yuzhong County,Xigu District and Chengguan District) of Lanzhou, and their chemical composition(elements, ions, carbonaceous species) was analyzed. The results demonstrated that the highest seasonal mean concentrations of PM_10(369.48 μg/m~3) and PM_(2.5)(295.42 μg/m~3) were detected in Xigu District in the winter, the lowest concentration of PM_(2.5)(53.15 μg/m~3) was observed in Yuzhong District in the fall and PM_10(89.60 μg/m~3) in Xigu District in the fall.The overall average OC/EC(organic carbon/elemental carbon) value was close to the representative OC/EC ratio for coal consumption, implying that the pollution of Lanzhou could be attributed to the burning of coal. The content of SNA(the sum of sulfate, nitrate,ammonium, SNA) in PM_(2.5)in Yuzhong County was generally lower than that at other sites in all seasons. The content of SNA in PM_(2.5)and PM_10 in Yuzhong County was generally lower than that at other sites in all seasons(0.24–0.38), indicating that the conversion ratios from precursors to secondary aerosols in the low concentration area was slower than in the area with high and intense pollutants. Six primary particulate matter sources were chosen based on positive matrix factorization(PMF) analysis, and emissions from dust, secondary aerosols, and coal burning were identified to be the primary sources responsible for the particle pollution in Lanzhou.     

Mercury mass balance study in Wujiangdu and Dongfeng Reservoirs, Guizhou, China

From October 2003 to September 2004, we conducted a detailed study on the mass balance of total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) of Dongfeng (DF) and Wujiangdu (WJD) reservoirs, which were constructed in 1992 and 1979, respectively. Both reservoirs were net sinks for THg on an annual scale, absorbing 3319.5 g km⁻² for DF Reservoir, and 489.2 g km⁻² for WJD Reservoirs, respectively. However, both reservoirs were net sources of MeHg to the downstream ecosystems. DF Reservoir provided a source of 32.9 g MeHg km⁻² yr⁻¹, yielding 10.3% of the amount of MeHg that entered the reservoir, and WJD Reservoir provided 140.9 g MeHg km⁻² yr⁻¹, yielding 82.5% of MeHg inputs. Our results implied that water residence time is an important variable affecting Hg methylation rate in the reservoirs. Our study shows that building a series of reservoirs in line along a river changes the riverine system into a natural Hg methylation factory which markedly increases the %MeHg in the downstream reservoirs; in effect magnifying the MeHg buildup problem in reservoirs.