Forewarning model for water pollution risk based on Bayes theory

In order to reduce the losses by water pollution, forewarning model for water pollution risk based on Bayes theory was studied. This model is built upon risk indexes in complex systems, proceeding from the whole structure and its components. In this study, the principal components analysis is used to screen out index systems. Hydrological model is employed to simulate index value according to the prediction principle. Bayes theory is adopted to obtain posterior distribution by prior distribution with sample information which can make samples’ features preferably reflect and represent the totals to some extent. Forewarning level is judged on the maximum probability rule, and then local conditions for proposing management strategies that will have the effect of transforming heavy warnings to a lesser degree. This study takes Taihu Basin as an example. After forewarning model application and vertification for water pollution risk from 2000 to 2009 between the actual and simulated data, forewarning level in 2010 is given as a severe warning, which is well coincide with logistic curve. It is shown that the model is rigorous in theory with flexible method, reasonable in result with simple structure, and it has strong logic superiority and regional adaptability, providing a new way for warning water pollution risk.     

泸州市区域环境噪声监测优化布点

本文利用数理统计中有关数学工具进行监测布点的优化工作。把泸州市区域环境噪声普查的294个监测点位优化为67个。经验证,该优化布点方法合理、科学。     

华北火电厂脱硫对奥运期间区域空气质量的影响

采用MM5-CMAQ模式系统模拟研究了2006—2008年间华北火电厂脱硫工程实施对奥运期间区域空气质量的影响,并对比研究了脱硫前后华北地区二氧化硫(SO2)、硫酸盐气溶胶(ASO4)浓度及能见度的变化.结果表明,华北火电厂脱硫可有效削减区域SO2和ASO4浓度,在奥运气象条件下,脱硫促使京津冀、山东北部、山西东部、内蒙河套地区SO2浓度下降1~10 ppbv,而大部分地区ASO4浓度下降约1μg·m-3.北京是SO2浓度降低最明显的地区,其SO2浓度下降百分比超过50%;太行山脉沿线、泰山地区是ASO4浓度下降最明显的地区,浓度降低达2μg·m-3.火电厂脱硫同时促使北京、河北大部、山西北部及内蒙南部地区的能见度上升0.5 km以上.     

西安市建筑施工扬尘排放的模型估算

作为我国大气污染治理重点区域汾渭平原的重点城市,西安正处于城市建设迅速发展阶段,建筑扬尘排放量大,极大地影响了西安的空气质量.本研究基于西安市建筑和市政施工工程的调查资料,结合两套由不同机构测量的我国北方典型城市排放因子,估算获得了西安市2017年建筑施工扬尘PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)的排放量及排放强度,构建了西安市区县级别建筑扬尘排放颗粒物清单,并分析其空间分布特征.结果表明:①引用中国环境科学研究院依据建筑扬尘产生类型测定的排放因子,估算获得2017年西安市建筑施工扬尘PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)排放总量分别为6.8×10~4、1.4×10~4 t,其中,作业施工扬尘排放量占总排放量的74%,风蚀扬尘占26%;②引用北京市环境保护科学研究院构建的建筑扬尘季节性排放因子,估算西安市建筑施工扬尘PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)排放总量分别为10.8×10~4、2.2×10~4 t,建筑扬尘排放量存在着明显的季节差异,夏季、秋季、冬季的扬尘排放量明显低于春季,但冬季略高于夏季、秋季;③综合两套排放计算结果表明,估算的建筑扬尘排放量存在50%的差异,西安2017年建筑扬尘PM_(10)排放量约为6.8×10~4～10.8×10~4 t,PM_(2.5)排放量约为1.4×10~4～2.2×10~4 t;④空间分布上,主城区建筑施工扬尘排放量大,约占总排放量的72%;主城区建筑施工扬尘排放强度高,约为郊区县的29倍.     

基于集合卡尔曼滤波的区域臭氧资料同化试验

基于集合卡尔曼滤波方法和嵌套网格空气质量模式系统建立了一个区域空气质量资料同化系统(RAQDAS),并利用该系统开展了京津冀地区2008年北京奥运会期间的地面臭氧观测资料同化试验,分析了同化系统订正臭氧初始场对24 h臭氧预报的影响.试验结果表明采用50个集合样本的集合卡尔曼滤波同化不仅改进了观测站点的臭氧预报,也提高了观测以外区域的臭氧预报技巧,使得臭氧预报的均方根误差平均下降了15％,并且当集合样本数减小到20时也可达到相近的预报改进效果.为了解决滤波发散问题,分别采用了放大集合离散度和扰动模式误差源两种方法.其中放大集合离散度能避免滤波发散,但没有提高臭氧预报技巧,反而导致预报误差的增加;扰动模式误差源不仅解决了滤波发散问题,也使同化导致的臭氧预报均方根误差下降比例从15％进一步提高到20％.     

基于数值模拟对西安地区冬季一次重污染过程PM2.5区域来源解析

西安是关中盆地经济发展的核心城市,特殊的地形和工业发展导致冬季细颗粒物(PM_2.5)污染严重,制定科学合理的治理措施迫切需要明确PM_2.5的来源.本文基于空气质量模式CAMx(Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions)、颗粒物源解析模块PSAT(Particulate Source Apportionment Technology)及融入多种来源数据后建立的排放清单来量化西安地区本地及区域传输贡献.在本文研究的重污染过程中,模式的模拟精度合理,模拟与观测值相关系数为0.78,FAC2达到95%.PSAT模块在本次重污染过程中对西安PM_2.5的来源解析结果显示:在城区,西安本地为最大的排放源区,日均贡献率均大于60%,其次为咸阳8%,省外的传输为6%;在郊区,西安本地的贡献减少,传输贡献增加,其中阎良区传输贡献达到83%.对西安城区的一次细颗粒物面源排放量减少50%模拟后,城区和郊区来自周边区域渭南或咸阳的贡献率有6%～8%的增长.该研究结果表明需要从本地排放管控和区域...     

Supercritical Fluids-Assisted Processing Using CO2 Foaming to Enhance the Dispersion of Nanofillers in Poly(butylene succinate)-Based Nanocomposites and the Conductivity

Journal of Polymers and the Environment - With the rapid development of electronic information technology, traditional metal conductive materials can no longer satisfy the needs of a wider...     

结合GIS数据对合肥市大气污染状况的初步数值模拟研究

应用WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ模式结合地理信息系统(GIS),数值模拟研究了合肥市大气污染状况.在排放处理过程中,安徽省统计类面源排放采用GIS工具进行空间分配,并收集重点企业排放数据,以点源形式导入数值模型中,驱动多尺度空气质量模式CMAQ模拟合肥2014年12月大气污染现状.结合合肥市环境空气质量站点PM_(2.5)、NO_2日均浓度和小时浓度对比验证表明:1采用GIS数据空间优化获得的统计类排放面源较合理地呈现相关联排放的地理特征.2当前模式系统可以较好地模拟出2014年12月合肥市PM_(2.5)污染物变化特征,尤其是12月20日—26日PM_(2.5)污染累积和消散过程,站点的模拟实测两倍因子在63%~77%之间,合理反映出当月合肥市区PM_(2.5)污染状况.3模式对于NO_2模拟,在部分区域具有较好的模拟效果,但在部分区域模式只能模拟出NO_2大致变化趋势;所有有效站点的比对结果平均偏差为21.92μg·m~(-3),整体存在偏高现象;有40%站点FAC2在73%~88%之间,除个别观测数据异常较多站点外,其他站点FAC2在50%左右,这种差异是由于模式网格分辨率较低、排放源分配及站点选取引起的.     

Sensitivity of ozone to precursor emissions in urban Beijing with a Monte Carlo scheme

In order to understand the formation mechanisms of high surface ozone and identify the main contributor sources in Beijing, this study investigates the sensitivity of surface ozone to NO, NO₂ and nine types of NMVOC emissions during a photochemical smog episode. Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis scheme with fifty simulations is established based on the Nested Air Quality Prediction Model System (NAQPMS). At every simulation, each of the eleven precursor emissions is perturbed with a distinct set of perturbations. The sensitivities of ozone to emissions are identified by multiple linear regressions. The stability of sensitivity results is validated by two experiments with standard deviations of log-normal perturbations set as 30% and 50% respectively. The sensitivity results suggest that the current high surface ozone is strongly stimulated by NMVOC emissions. Among NMVOC emissions, formaldehyde, ethylene and olefins emissions present the greatest impacts on ozone. On the other hand, NOx emissions have a strong inhibitory effect on ozone formation, even after 50% NOx emission reduction. This indicates that the current ozone formation in Beijing is under NOx-saturated conditions. A transition of ozone formation is observed from NOx-saturated to NOx-limited sensitivity behavior with a 75% reduction of NOx emissions. This study gives the implication that abatement of the four NMVOC types mentioned above could be efficient on reducing the high levels of surface ozone in central urban Beijing, while inadequate abatement in NOx emissions probably induces reverse effects.     

近江牡蛎热休克蛋白70基因对三丁基锡的响应

为研究TBT(Tributyltin,三丁基锡)在双壳贝类HSP70s(热休克蛋白70)分子的高表达响应,以近江牡蛎(Crassostrea hongkongensis)为材料,用不同质量浓度(0、10-2、10-1、100、101、102、103 ng/L)的TBT对近江牡蛎处理不同时间(12、24、48、96、192 h)后,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测其3种器官(消化腺、外套膜和鳃)中HSP70和HSC70基因mRNA的表达水平. 结果显示:10-1～102 ng/L的TBT能诱导近江牡蛎HSP70和HSC70基因mRNA水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其表达水平均为先升后降,在96 h达到峰值;103 ng/L的TBT也能诱导近江牡蛎HSP70和HSC70基因显著高表达(P<0.05),但随着处理时间延长,mRNA表达出现抑制现象. 能诱导HSP70和HSC70基因表达水平显著高于对照(P<0.05)的TBT临界浓度均在10-2~10-1 ng/L范围内,可见2种基因对TBT的响应灵敏度高且相同,反应强度也没有显著差异(P>0.05). 3种器官对TBT的响应灵敏度也相同,但在消化腺和鳃中的响应强度都极显著(P<0.01)高于外套膜. 研究表明,近江牡蛎HSP70和HSC70基因对极低质量浓度的TBT就有高表达响应,可以作为TBT污染的早期预警指标;近江牡蛎较适宜的指示器官是消化腺和鳃,其次是外套膜.