三峡库区消落带土壤不同含水量条件下芦苇的氮素与生物量动态变化

通过设置T1(淹水超过土壤表面2cm)、T2(土壤含水量为田间持水量的70%～100%)和T3(土壤含水量为田间持水量的40%～60%)3个不同处理组,模拟了三峡库区消落带土壤含水量变化特征,并以嘉陵江江边芦苇(Phragmitescommunis(reed))为实验材料,研究了三峡库区不同消落带带位土壤不同含水量条件下芦苇地上部分氮含量和生物量的动态变化,同时,探讨了芦苇地上部氮的积累和合适的收割时期.结果表明,三峡库区消落带土壤不同含水量条件下芦苇地上部氮含量随季节变化而变化,在一个生育周期内,芦苇的叶片、叶鞘和茎的氮含量呈典型的单峰曲线.其中,T1、T2和T3的叶片和叶鞘中氮含量的峰值出现在9月底(抽穗期),叶片氮含量的峰值分别为23.1、26.5和26.2mg·g-1,叶鞘氮含量的峰值分别为14.4、12.4和13.2mg·g-1;;而茎氮含量的峰值出现在10月底(穗期),其峰值为9.5、9.1和9.0mg·g-1.与其他地区芦苇的氮吸收相比,在三峡库区消落带3种水分条件下的芦苇对氮都具有很强的吸收能力.不同处理芦苇的生长曲线呈典型的单峰曲线,其中,T1和T2处理地上生物量的最大值均出现在9月底(抽穗...     

Comparison of electrokinetic soil remediation methods using one fixed anode and approaching anodes

During the cation exchange membrane (CEM) enhanced electrokinetic (EK) soil remediation, the nearer to the anode, the higher are the H+ concentrations and the redox potentials. As both low pH and high redox potential are helpful to speed-up Cd electro-migration, soils near the anode can be quickly remedied. Usually EK process is operated with one fixed anode (FA). A novel CEM enhanced EK method with approaching anodes (AAs) is proposed to accelerate electro-migration effect. Several mesh Ti/Ru anodes were inserted as AAs in the treated soil. They were switched in turn from the anode towards the cathode. Thus high H+ ions concentrations and high redox potentials quickly migrate to the cathode. Consequently, soil remediation is accelerated and nearly 44% of energy and 40% of time can be saved. The mechanism of Cd electro-migration behavior in soils during CEM enhanced EK is described as the elution in an electrokinetically driven chromatogram.     

Biodegradation of organic matters from mixed unshredded municipal solid waste through air convection before landfilling

Landfilling is a dominant municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal method in most developing countries. In China, approximately 85% of the generated MSW is being disposed of in the landfills. The amount of MSW is growing rapidly with the rate of approximately 8-10% annually, which contains a high quantity of moisture and organic matters. The problems of leachate treatment and landfill gas (LFG) emissions are increasing gradually. Reducing the hazard before emplacement, pretreatment of MSW before landfilling has become very important for the conventional landfill. In this study, aerobic pretreatment of mixed MSW was used, and much attention has been given to the natural convection of air in the mixed and unshredded MSW for bioconversion of organic matter (OM). This study is an attempt to investigate aerobic pretreatment suitability for the mixed and unshredded MSW at Beijing. A pilot-scale aerobic pretreatment simulator (APS) was developed at Beishen Shu Landfill in Beijing. To work out the biodegradation of the OM in the APS, fresh and pretreated MSW samples were collected and analyzed for OM, moisture content, temperature, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, lignocelluloses, and biochemical methane potential at various stages of the pretreatment. Furthermore, results of the fresh and pretreated MSW are compared. Significant reduction in the observed parameters of the pretreated waste samples is observed. This work demonstrates that pretreatment is significantly effective in reducing the landfill emissions that is leachate and LFG.     

纳米硫硒化镉对小鼠肾脏和脑组织SOD活力和MDA含量的影响

为了探讨纳米硫硒化镉(CdSeS)对小鼠肾脏和脑组织的急性氧化损伤作用,将20只雄性昆明小鼠随机分成4组,采用尾部静脉注射进行一次性染毒,3个染毒组分别注入0.1、0.2、0.4mg·mL-1的纳米CdSeS粉末(20～30nm)悬液1mL,对照组注入等体积生理盐水.染毒3d后对肾脏和脑组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力和丙二醛(MDA)含量分别进行测定,从而检测纳米CdSeS对肾脏和脑组织的急性氧化损伤作用.结果显示,随着纳米CdSeS染毒浓度的升高,小鼠肾脏和脑组织中SOD活力呈逐渐降低趋势,而MDA含量呈逐渐升高趋势,均显示出一定的剂量-效应关系;较高浓度组(肾:ρCdSeS≥0.2mg·mL-1;脑:ρCdSeS≥0.4mg·mL-1)SOD活力、MDA含量与对照具有显著性差异(p<0.05,p<0.01),而较低浓度组则没有显著性差异(p>0.05).以上结果提示纳米CdSeS能够对小鼠肾脏和脑组织造成氧化损伤,并且能穿过血脑屏障作用于脑部。     

纳米二氧化钛的改性及光催化氧化烷烃研究

催化剂的表面结构是影响催化反应的重要因素之一.利用原位红外(In-situ FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和紫外-可见漫反射(UV-Vis DRS)等现代物理技术考察了热处理改性对纳米 TiO2的表面结构、晶相结构、粒子大小、比表面积和吸光性能的影响,采用In-situ FT-IR光谱着重研究了纳米TiO2催化剂上环己烷光催化降解机制及催化剂的结构特性与催化反应之间的相关性.研究表明,400 ℃条件下热处理纳米TiO2具有最佳光催化活性,适宜的表面结构、晶相结构、吸光能力及晶化度是纳米TiO2光催化剂高催化活性的主要原因.借助In-situ FT-IR光谱,观察到环己烷氧化的主要产物是CO2和H2O,同时捕捉到了中间产物CO以及乙酸,提出了环己烷光催化降解的可能机理.     

非诉讼方式在解决水污染纠纷中的法律效果

水污染纠纷的解决方法可以分为诉讼方式、非诉讼方式。在水污染纠纷解决方法的实际法律运行过程,却出现了非诉讼方式发达而诉讼方式非常乏力的奇特现象。这一现象的成因有四个:政治原因、经济原因、文化原因、法律机构原因。     

Measurement of HONO flux using the aerodynamic gradient method over an agricultural field in the Huaihe River Basin, China

To investigate nitrous acid(HONO) levels and potential HONO sources above crop rotation fields. The HONO fluxes were measured by the aerodynamic gradient(AG) method from 14 December 2019 to 2 January 2020 over an agricultural field in the Huaihe River Basin. The ambient HONO levels were measured at two different heights(0.15 and 1.5 m), showing a typical diurnal cycle with low daytime levels and high nighttime levels. The upward HONO fluxes were mostly observed during the day, whereas deposition...     

南宁市城市近郊型地下河表层沉积物多环芳烃污染特征及来源解析

为研究西南岩溶地区城市近郊型地下河沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征及来源,选择南宁市清水泉地下河进行分析,沿地下河流动方向共采集8个表层沉积物样品,并检测16种PAHs的含量。结果表明,地下河表层沉积物中总PAHs为257.7～609.5ng/g(基于表层沉积物干质量计算),整体浓度处于中等污染水平;从PAHs组成来看,16种PAHs均被检出,且含量表现为4环PAHs5～6环PAHs2～3环PAHs;空间分布规律呈下游中游上游的趋势,且2～3环PAHs占比先增大后降低,而4～6环PAHs占比变化则相反;不同区域的PAHs来源各不相同,上游地区PAHs为燃烧来源,中游地区PAHs为石油来源,下游地区为混合来源,燃烧来源、石油来源与混合来源对PAHs的贡献率分别为28.4%、16.5%和55.1%。     

强酸性高浓度含砷废水处理方法与经济性评价

研究了硫化物沉淀和中和沉淀工艺对强酸性体系下As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)处理效果,考察了沉淀剂种类与投量、酸度(或平衡pH)等因素对除砷效果的影响,结合共沉淀产物的元素组成与价态分析探讨了2种工艺的除砷机理。研究表明,硫化物沉淀对As(Ⅲ)去除效果优于As(Ⅴ),且As(Ⅴ)去除过程中存在As(Ⅴ)转化为As(Ⅲ)的还原过程;中和沉淀对As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)去除率均可达到98%以上,但不存在砷形态转化过程。进一步以云南某硫精制酸化工厂实际含砷废水为对象,研究了硫化物沉淀(以Na2S为硫源)、中和共沉淀(Fe(Ⅲ)-Ca(OH)2,Fe(Ⅲ)-NaOH,单独Ca(OH)2和Ca(OH)2-Fe(Ⅱ)等)除砷效果和处理成本,发现上述几种工艺砷去除率均可达到99.0%左右;Na2S共沉淀法处理成本最高,单独Ca(OH)2成本最低但废渣产生量大;Ca(OH)2-Fe(Ⅱ)可在不大幅提高成本的基础上确保处理效果并降低废渣产生量。在工程中应综合原水水质特点、处理水质目标、可接受的处理成本以及含砷废渣处置要求等,确定最佳的处理技术方案。