利用烧结脱硫灰制备胶凝材料的研究

研究了烧结烟气半干法脱硫灰复掺矿渣、钢渣,辅之外加剂,制备胶凝材料的可行性。结果表明,采用改性脱硫灰（GXTLH）、钢渣、矿渣及水泥熟料再混磨制备的复合胶凝材料,具有良好的安定性等水化性能和力学性能;当GXTLH 掺入量为20%、CFII 1.5%、减水剂0.5%及水泥熟料23%时,矿渣掺量在12%～44%、钢渣掺量11%～44%之间制备的胶凝材料初凝时间、终凝时间、力学性能满足GB13592-92《钢渣矿渣水泥标准》;矿渣与钢渣比、水泥熟料及外加剂等掺量一定,GXTLH掺量超过30%时,GXTLH胶凝材料的抗压抗折强度均有所下降。     

海油陆采HSE管理初探＊

文章阐述了国内外海油陆采HSE管理现状,通过分析总结滩海油气生产设施从设计到投入使用全过程HSE管理经验,归纳整理出可借鉴的HSE管理技术,为中国石油海油陆采油田HSE文化的培育提供了有益的建议。     

曙光油田节能减排现状调查及对策研究

曙光采油厂随着超稠油的不断开发,生产能耗也随之增加,通过开展节能减排及节能挖潜工作,全厂能耗增长状态得到了良好的控制,能耗总量由2005年的58.21×10~4t标煤下降到2008年的47.75×10~4t标煤;原油(气)液生产单位综合能耗为52.02 kg标煤/t,同期对比减少0.38 kg标煤/t;生产系统运行效率不断提高。文章详细介绍了曙光油田从机采系统、热注系统、集输系统等方面推广应用节能新技术、新产品,达到其投资和运行费用最少,经济性较好,对油田减排挖潜进行了探讨。     

NaCl和KCl对厌氧污泥抑制的动力学研究

在厌氧颗粒污泥和厌氧絮状污泥系统中,进行盐质量浓度(NaCl或KCl质量浓度,下同)对厌氧污泥抑制动力学的研究,得到不同拟合的COD降解动力学方程及参数.实验结果表明:当盐质量浓度为10～30 g/L时,KCl对厌氧污泥的COD比降解速率的抑制程度大于NaCl;当盐质量浓度由0 g/L增至10 g/L时,半速率常数逐渐增加;当盐质量浓度由10 g/L增至30 g/L时,半速率常数逐渐减小;在厌氧污泥系统中,NaCl抑制作用下的盐抑制常数高于KCl,且颗粒污泥的盐抑制常数高于絮状污泥.     

Study on Biodegradable Starch/OMMT Nanocomposites for Packaging Applications

The thermoplastic starch (TPS) and nanocomposite(TPS/OMMT) was prepared with 15% carbamide, 15% ethanolamine and different contents of organic activated montmorillonite (OMMT) by twin-screw extruder with a 130 °C barrel temperature. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy and wide angle X-ray diffraction shown that the alkylamine in dodecyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium bromide could react with MMT via cation exchange reaction. After treated, the d(001)space distance of MMT increased from 1.5 to 1.7 nm. Scanning electron microscope revealed that the lower contents of OMMT could disperse well in the matrixes of TPS. The carbamide, ethanolamine and the OMMT could destroy the crystallization behavior of starch, but only the OMMT restrained this behavior for long-term storing. Mechanical properties investigation indicated that the tensile strength and modulus of TPS/OMMT nanocomposites were better than those of TPS, while the elongation at break was descended with the increasing of OMMT contents. When the content of OMMT was 4%, the tensile strength and modulus of TPS was improved from 4.2 and 42 MPa to 6.0 and 76 MPa, respectively.     

Older driver retraining: An updated systematic review of evidence of effectiveness

Problem and Objective

The number of older drivers who might benefit from driver retraining is growing. A previous review on the effectiveness of older driver retraining included intervention studies up to 2004. The objective was to perform an updated systematic review of the effectiveness of older driver retraining for improving driving-related skills and reducing crash rates.

Method

Articles published from 2004-2008 were grouped according to the intervention provided and outcome studied. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were appraised using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) Scale and scored for quality according to their internal validity. Each intervention's effectiveness was then rated and assigned a level of evidence by combining pre- and post- 2004 findings.

Results

Three RCTs and one matched-pairs cohort design met the inclusion criteria. There is strong evidence (Level 1a) that education combined with on-road training improves driving performance and moderate evidence (Level 1b) that it improves knowledge. There is moderate evidence (Level 1b) that physical retraining improves driving performance. There is moderate evidence (Level 1b) that an educational intervention curriculum alone is not effective in reducing crashes.

Summary

The updated evidence on the effectiveness of retraining aimed at older drivers is sufficiently encouraging to merit assertive health promotion actions regarding intervention and program planning.

Impact on Industry

These positive findings warrant a comprehensive plan that has both behavioral and monetary incentives encouraging older driver participation in programs aimed at driver safety.     

Focus on mission success: Process safety for the Atychiphobist

Modern process plants are complex engineering systems. While thorough reviews of system safeguards are performed, catastrophic events continue to occur, often unfolding in unforeseen ways. Success in process safety demands safe processes, and understanding rare, high consequence events is central to the traditional process safety approach. This philosophy is common to all high-hazard industries, offering the potential for sharing approaches, experience, and lessons learned. The problem, however, is that people (and organizations and entire industries) who fear failure (atychiphobia) sometimes obsess about failure so much that they miss opportunities to succeed.This paper examines selected risk management practices in the power generation and aerospace industries and how those practices have led to improved performance. Risk informed decision making (RIDM) has had widespread application in the nuclear and aerospace industries, and is undergoing enhancements to become a key framework for risk management. Additionally, rather than focusing on avoidance of loss, there are emerging approaches supporting achievement of success. This approach provides a more direct link of risk to business and operational objectives, but does challenge conventional risk approaches founded in a loss prevention-centric view. The paper reflects upon risk informed decision making and success modeling, and suggests how these methods may be applied in the field of process safety. Specific examples are drawn from the defense in depth approach from the nuclear power industry and mission success concepts developed for NASA.     

Air Quality Monitoring and Management in Lisbon

The environmental decision-making process is related with the interpretation of data both in spatial and temporal dimensions. This paper presents a methodology that integrates the time-space framework of air quality data to infer the temporal pattern and spatial variability that could be interpreted for environmental decision purposes. Variograms that accommodate time and space lags were used for the analysis and proved to be effective. Its environmental meaning, in particular its relationship with traffic patterns is discussed. Data from air quality monitoring stations located in the central part of Lisbon were used in this study. It describes a strategy to identify the type of vehicles responsible for certain pollutant levels, particularly for nitrogen oxides, and discusses the application of new air quality European legislation to the city of Lisbon, Portugal.     

Risk assessment of trihalomethanes from tap water in Fortaleza, Brazil

The cancer risks (CR) by oral ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation exposure of trihalomethanes (THM) from tap water of ten districts in Fortaleza, Brazil were estimated. The mean levels of THM compounds were obtained in Fortaleza tap water as follow: 63.9 microg L(-1) for chloroform (CHCl(3)), 40.0 microg L(-1) for bromodichloromethane (CHBrCl(2)), and 15.6 microg L(-1) for dibromochloromethane (CHBr(2)Cl). Bromoform (CHBr(3)) was not detected. The mean CR for THMs in tap water is 3.96 x 10(-4). The results indicate that Fortaleza residents have a higher CR by inhalation than dermal absorption and oral ingestion. The CR for CHCl(3) contributes with 68% as compared with the total CR, followed by CHBrCl(2) (21%), and CHBr(2)Cl (11%). The hazard index (HI) is about ten times lower than unity, not indicating non-cancer effects.     

Estimation of pollutant partition in sandy soils with different water contents

The objectives of this work were: (1) to identify an isotherm model to relate the contaminant contents in the gas phase with those in the solid and non-aqueous liquid phases; (2) to develop a methodology for the estimation of the contaminant distribution in the different phases of the soil; and (3) to evaluate the influence of soil water content on the contaminant distribution in soil. For sandy soils with negligible contents of clay and natural organic matter, contaminated with benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, trichloroethylene (TCE), and perchloroethylene (PCE), it was concluded that: (1) Freundlich’s model showed to be adequate to relate the contaminant contents in the gas phase with those in the solid and non-aqueous liquid phases; (2) the distribution of the contaminants in the different phases present in the soil could be estimated with differences lower than 10% for 83% of the cases; and (3) an increase of the soil water content led to a decrease of the amount of contaminant in the solid and non-aqueous liquid phases, increasing the amount in the other phases.