全文获取类型
收费全文 | 9900篇 |
免费 | 2篇 |
国内免费 | 6篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 19篇 |
废物处理 | 788篇 |
环保管理 | 1230篇 |
综合类 | 953篇 |
基础理论 | 3141篇 |
污染及防治 | 1803篇 |
评价与监测 | 1063篇 |
社会与环境 | 907篇 |
灾害及防治 | 4篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 6篇 |
2022年 | 39篇 |
2021年 | 28篇 |
2020年 | 6篇 |
2019年 | 9篇 |
2018年 | 1478篇 |
2017年 | 1384篇 |
2016年 | 1216篇 |
2015年 | 132篇 |
2014年 | 27篇 |
2013年 | 41篇 |
2012年 | 477篇 |
2011年 | 1352篇 |
2010年 | 693篇 |
2009年 | 606篇 |
2008年 | 882篇 |
2007年 | 1230篇 |
2006年 | 12篇 |
2005年 | 23篇 |
2004年 | 35篇 |
2003年 | 64篇 |
2002年 | 98篇 |
2001年 | 16篇 |
2000年 | 14篇 |
1999年 | 2篇 |
1998年 | 9篇 |
1995年 | 1篇 |
1993年 | 1篇 |
1990年 | 1篇 |
1989年 | 1篇 |
1987年 | 1篇 |
1984年 | 11篇 |
1983年 | 11篇 |
1935年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有9908条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
731.
Sam Provoost M. Laurence M. Jones Sally E. Edmondson 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2011,15(1):207-226
In coastal dunes, landscape changes are a rule, rather than an exception. This paper gives an overview of changes in landscape
and vegetation with a focus on the past century. The history of dunes is characterised by phases of sand drift, alternated
with geomorphological stability. The historical development of dune woodland during these stable phases has been documented
for sites all over Europe. Vegetation reconstructions of historical open dune habitats however is very difficult due to limited
preservation of fossil remains. People have drastically altered coastal dune landscapes through centuries of exploitation
and more recently development of the coast. Historical land use has generally pushed vegetation back into a semi-natural state.
During roughly the past century a tendency of increasing fixation and succession is observed on coastal dunes throughout northwest
Europe. Six causes of change are discussed. 1) Changes in land use, mainly abandonment of agricultural practices, have led
to the development of late successional stages such as scrub and woodland. 2) Crashing rabbit populations due to myxomatosis
in the 1950s caused vigorous grass growth and probably stimulated scrub development. 3) A general tendency of landscape fixation
is observed due to both natural and anthropogenic factors. 4) Eutrophication, mainly due to atmospheric nitrogen deposition
is clearly linked to grass encroachment on acidic but also on some calcareous dunes. 5) The impact of climate change on vegetation
is still unclear but probably lengthening of growing season and maybe enhanced CO2 concentrations have led to an acceleration of succession. 6) A general anthropogenisation of the landscape occurs with rapid
spread of non-native species as an important consequence. The reconstruction of a natural reference landscape is considered
largely unattainable because of irreversible changes and the long tradition of human impact, in many cases since the development
of the dunes. Two contradictory elements need reconciliation. First, the general acceleration of succession and scrub and
woodland development in particular is partly caused by a decreased anthropogenic interference in the landscape and deserves
more appreciation. Second, most biodiversity values are largely linked to open, early succession dune habitats and are threatened
by the same tendency. Apart from internal nature management, in which grazing plays an important part, re-mobilisation of
stable, senescent dunes is an important challenge for dune management. 相似文献
732.
Examining the potential impacts of sea level rise on coastal wetlands in north-eastern NSW,Australia
Clement Elumpe Akumu Sumith Pathirana Serwan Baban Daniel Bucher 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2011,15(1):15-22
The coastal wetlands of north-eastern New South Wales (NSW) Australia are increasingly being affected by anthropogenic factors
such as urbanisation, residential development and agricultural development. However, little is known about their vulnerability
to sea level rise as a result of climate change. The aim of this research is to predict the potential impact of sea level
rise (SLR) on the coastal wetland communities. Sea Level Affecting Marshes Model (SLAMM) was used to predict the potential
impacts of sea level rise. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used for mapping and analysis. It was found that a meter
rise in sea level could decrease coastal wetlands such as Inland fresh marshes from about 225.67 km2 in February 2009 to about 168.04 km2 by the end of the century in north-eastern NSW, Australia. The outcomes from this research can contribute to enhancing wetland
conservation and management in NSW. 相似文献
733.
734.
To investigate the ability of elasmobranchs to distinguish between differing prey-type electric fields we examined the electroreceptive
foraging behaviour of a model species, Scyliorhinus canicula (small-spotted catshark). Catshark preferences were studied by behaviourally conditioning them to swim through narrow tunnels,
and on exit presenting them simultaneously with two different electric fields. Their subsequent choices of the following paired
options were recorded; (i) Two artificial electric fields (dipole electrodes) with different magnitude direct current (D.C.),
(ii) Two artificial electric fields, one D.C. and the other alternating current (A.C.), of the same magnitude, and (iii) similar
magnitude, natural and artificial D.C. electric fields associated with shore crabs and dipole electrodes respectively. We
found a highly significant preference for the stronger D.C. electric field and a less pronounced, but still significant, preference
for the A.C. electric field rather than the D.C. electric field. No preference was demonstrated between the artificial and
natural D.C. electric fields. The findings are discussed in relation to the animal’s diet and ecology and with regard to anthropogenic
sources of electric fields within their habitat. 相似文献
735.
Loss of zooxanthellae (dinoflagellate Symbiodinium) from corals will sometimes lead to mass mortality of corals. To detect and quantify Symbiodinium released from corals, we developed a zooxanthellae “trap” and a quantitative PCR (qPCR) system with Symbiodinium clades A–F-specific primer sets. The trap was attached to a branch or the surface of several wild stony corals, and the water samples within the traps, including released Symbiodinium, were subjected to qPCR. All tested corals released clade C Symbiodinium at estimates of ~5,900 cells h−1 cm−2 of coral surface. Although all tested Pocillopora eydouxi harboured both clades C and D, some of these colonies released only clade C or released a lesser amount of clade D than that in the tissues. Our Symbiodinium quantification system revealed that wild hermatypic corals constantly release Symbiodinium to the environment. Our result suggests that some corals may discharge certain clades of Symbiodinium alternatively. 相似文献
736.
Claudia Hollatz Leonardo Flach C. Scott Baker Fabrício R. Santos 《Marine Biology》2011,158(4):927-933
A large macrogeographic differentiation has been observed among Sotalia guianensis populations along the South American coast. However, no genetic structure has been detected so far in closely distributed
populations of this species, even though it has been observed in other cetaceans. Here, we examined the fine scale population
structure for the largest populations of S. guianensis inhabiting Sepetiba and Paraty embayments at the south-eastern coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Analysis of mitochondrial
DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences failed to detect variability among sequences. Conversely, evidence of significant male
population structure was found on the basis of ten nuclear microsatellite loci. Surprisingly, the microsatellite markers were
able to distinguish between individuals from the two embayments located 60 km apart. The results suggest that differences
in habitat type and behavioral specializations are likely to explain the patterns of genetic structure. These findings should
provide baselines for the management of communities exposed to increasing human-driven habitat loss. 相似文献
737.
Carey E. Kuhn 《Marine Biology》2011,158(3):649-663
In the heterogeneous marine environment, predators can increase foraging success by targeting physical oceanographic features,
which often aggregate prey. For northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus), two prevalent oceanographic features characterize foraging areas during summer in the Bering Sea: a stable thermocline
and a subsurface “cold pool”. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of these features on foraging behavior
by equipping fur seals from St. Paul Island (Alaska, USA) with time-depth recorders that also measured water temperature.
Foraging bout variables (e.g., mean dive depth and percent time diving in a bout) were compared with respect to subsurface
thermal characteristics (thermocline presence and strength and cold pool presence). Over 74% of bouts occurred in association
with strong thermoclines (temperature change > 5°C). Few differences were found for dive behavior in relation to the presence
of a thermocline and the cold pool, but for epipelagic bouts, a strong thermocline resulted in increased bottom times, number
of dive wiggles, and percent time diving when compared to moderate thermoclines. There was also a positive relationship between
mean dive depth and thermocline depth. The combination of increasing foraging effort in areas with strong thermoclines and
diving to depths closely related to the thermocline indicates this feature is important foraging habitat for northern fur
seals and may act to concentrate prey and increase foraging success. By recognizing the environmental features northern fur
seals use to find prey, managers will be better equipped to identify and protect foraging habitat that is important to northern
fur seals, and possibly other marine predators in the Bering Sea. 相似文献
738.
Generalized additive models were used to synthesize the data from 52 publications on the gonad growth and spawning seasonality
of Paracentrotus lividus and identify spatial and temporal patterns in the reproductive processes. According to our results, Atlantic populations
spawn in spring and develop large gonads (6.4 ± 0.2% of fresh body weight (mean ± SE)), which increase in size toward higher
latitudes. While in the Mediterranean, the gonads are smaller (3.1 ± 0.1%), possibly as the result of successive spawnings
which impede nutrients accumulating in the gonads. Differences were also observed between habitats: gonad production was higher
in seagrass meadows in the Mediterranean and in subtidal rocky substrates in the Atlantic. Food availability might cause these
variations as well as the negative correlation observed between depth and the gonad index for rocky substrates. Sex and body
size do not seem to influence greatly gonad growth. 相似文献
739.
John M. Logan Enrique Rodríguez-Marín Nicolas Goñi Santiago Barreiro Haritz Arrizabalaga Walter Golet Molly Lutcavage 《Marine Biology》2011,158(1):73-85
Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) are highly migratory predators whose abundance, distribution, and somatic condition have changed over the past decades.
Prey community composition and abundance have also varied in several foraging grounds. To better understand underlying food
webs and regional energy sources, we performed stomach content and stable isotope analyses on mainly juvenile (60–150 cm curved
fork length) bluefin tuna captured in foraging grounds in the western (Mid-Atlantic Bight) and eastern (Bay of Biscay) Atlantic
Ocean. In the Mid-Atlantic Bight, bluefin tuna diet was mainly sand lance (Ammodytes spp., 29% prey weight), consistent with historic findings. In the Bay of Biscay, krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) made up 39% prey weight, with relative consumption of each reflecting annual changes in prey abundance. Consumption of anchovies
apparently declined after the local collapse of this prey resource. In both regions, stable isotope analysis results showed
that juvenile bluefin tuna fed at a lower trophic position than indicated by stomach content analysis. In the Mid-Atlantic
Bight, stable isotope analyses suggested that >30% of the diet was prey from lower trophic levels that composed <10% of the
prey weights based upon traditional stomach content analyses. Trophic position was similar to juvenile fish sampled in the
NW Atlantic but lower than juveniles sampled in the Mediterranean Sea in previous studies. Our findings indicate that juvenile
bluefin tuna targeted a relatively small range of prey species and regional foraging patterns remained consistent over time
in the Mid-Atlantic Bight but changed in relation to local prey availability in the Bay of Biscay. 相似文献
740.
Eva Friis Møller Christian Marc Andersen Borg Sigrún H. Jónasdóttir Suree Satapoomin Cornelia Jaspers Torkel Gissel Nielsen 《Marine Biology》2011,158(3):677-688
The vertical distribution of copepods, fecal pellets and the fecal pellet production of copepods were measured at seven stations
across the Southern Indian Ocean from productive areas off South Africa to oligotrophic waters off Northern Australia during
October/November 2006. We quantified export of copepod fecal pellet from surface waters and how much was retained. Furthermore,
the potential impact of Oncaea spp. and harpacticoid copepods on fecal pellets degradation was evaluated and found to be regional substantial. The highest
copepod abundance and fecal pellet production was found in the western nutrient-rich stations close to South Africa and the
lowest at the central oligotrophic stations. The in situ copepod fecal pellet production varied between 1 and 1,000 μg C m−3 day−1. At all stations, the retention of fecal pellets in the upper 400 m of the water column was more than 99% and the vertical
export of fecal pellets was low (<0.02 mg m−2 day−1). 相似文献