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41.
Foraging desert ants, Cataglyphis fortis, encounter different sequences of visual landmarks while navigating by path integration. This paper explores the question whether the storage of landmark information depends on the context in which the landmarks are learned during an ant's foraging journey. Two experimental set-ups were designed in which the ants experienced an artificial landmark panorama that was placed either around the nest entrance (nest marks) or along the vector route leading straight towards the feeder (route marks). The two training paradigms resulted in pronounced differences in the storage characteristics of the acquired landmark information: memory traces of nest marks were much more robust against extinction and/or suppression than those of route marks. In functional terms, this result is in accord with the observation that desert ants encounter new route marks during every foraging run but always pass the same landmarks when approaching the nest entrance. 相似文献
42.
Population differences in anti-predator behaviour have been demonstrated in several species, although less is known about the genetic basis of these traits. To determine the extent of genetic differences in boldness (defined as exploration of a novel object) and shoaling within and between zebrafish (Danio rerio) populations, and to examine the genetic basis of shoaling behaviour in general, we carried out a study that involved laboratory-raised fish derived from four wild-caught populations. Controlling for differences in rearing environment, significant inter-population differences were found in boldness but not shoaling. A larger shoaling experiment was also performed using one of the populations as the basis of a North Carolina type II breeding design (174 fish in total) to estimate heritability of shoaling tendency. A narrow-sense heritability estimate of 0.40 was obtained, with no apparent dominance effects. 相似文献
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M.?A.?de?FigueiredoEmail author D.?M.?Reiner H.?J.?Herzog 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2005,10(4):647-657
This paper examines how legal standards of liability may apply to geologic carbon storage. The liability regime governing
geologic carbon storage will shape the technology's cost-effectiveness and overall attractiveness. We classify potential sources
of liability into operational, in situ, and climate liability. As a first step, we explore in situ liability in the United States. After summarizing legal standards of liability including negligence, breach of implied warranty,
strict liability, and product liability, we discuss how liability may be addressed at the level of the federal government,
state government, industry, and the firm. Finally, we address the implications of judicial treatment of liability for carbon
storage, including the apportionment of liability and the adequacy of current regulations. 相似文献
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水量衡算条件下人工湿地对有机物的去除研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
构建了芦苇和无植物2种人工湿地,在系统水量衡算的基础上比较了2种湿地对生活污水中有机物的去除效果。结果证明,在植物收割后的冬季,芦苇湿地对有机物的去除率低于无植物湿地系统约2%;在其他季节,芦苇湿地对污水CODcr的去除率比无植物湿地高出3.3%-5%。但对BOD5的去除率却比无植物湿地低了1.9%-2.7%。因此,芦苇湿地对有机物的去除效果比无植物湿地高,但提高不多。比较了2种系统的氧化还原电位,芦苇湿地比无植物湿地的高(P〈0.05),这种提高主要集中在湿地水面以下约10cm的深度;从整个湿地床体来看。2块连续运行的潜流水平湿地内部氧化还原状态大部分相同。主要是厌氧状态。比较了2种人工湿地基质中降解有机物的细菌,放线菌和真菌的数量,二者没有明显的差别。考察了湿地进水有机负荷与去除量的关系,二者呈现显著的线性相关性(R^2〉0.99)。 相似文献
48.
Linda?Anderson-BerryEmail author David?King 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2005,10(3):367-392
Community mitigation of hazard impact requires hazard knowledge and preparedness on the part of the members of diverse and
complex communities. Longitudinal research in the tropical cyclone prone north of Australia has gathered extensive datasets
on community awareness, preparedness and knowledge, in order to contribute to education campaigns and mitigation strategies.
Data have been used to identify issues of vulnerability to cyclones and capacity to deal with the hazard. This has been developed
as a community vulnerability and capacity model that may be applied to diverse communities in order to assess levels of capability
to mitigate and deal with the cyclone hazard. The model is presented here in a simplified form as its development is evolving
and ongoing. 相似文献
49.
多级模糊模式识别方法用于湖泊水质评价 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
进行模糊综合评估的应用与研究很多,在那些方法中主要应用最大隶属度原则进行最后的评定,但是湖泊水质评价涉及到多样点多项指标等多因素,一般模糊综合评价方法中的最大隶属度原则不能适用。本文利用多级模糊模式识别方法的基本理论,通过多目标优选,给出了更加合理、科学的评价模型;利用该模型我们对武汉市东湖水质监测结果做出了较为合理的评价。 相似文献
50.
黔中岩溶地区草地下土壤CO_2含量的变化特征 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
全球碳循环中,CO_2的未知汇可能是陆地生态系统中某一部分,如土壤。土壤中CO_2的含量是大气的几倍至近百倍,它的吸收与释放将影响大气中的CO_2浓度。岩溶地区占全球陆地面积的1/15。对典型的岩溶地区——黔中某地土壤的CO_2进行了四季及昼夜的采样测定,结果表明,该地地表大气的CO_2含量具有季节变化的特征。土壤气中的CO_2浓度为大气CO_2浓度的几倍至一百多倍;自地表向下,随着土壤深度的增大,CO_2浓度升高。土壤CO_2含量的季节变化及昼夜变化,与土壤中CO_2来源和温度等因子变化有关。 相似文献