亚硝酸盐氮胁迫对罗非鱼（GIFTOreoohromisniloticus）血清非特异性免疫酶活性的影响

试验设置了不同浓度亚硝酸盐氮（空白对照、0．75mg·L-1、1．50mg-L-1、3．00mg·L-1和5．00mg·L-1）,研究了亚硝酸盐氮胁迫对罗非鱼（GIFTOreochromisniloticus）血清非特异性免疫酶（溶菌酶、碱性磷酸酶、补体c3）活性的影响。结果表明：罗非鱼血清碱性磷酸酶、溶菌酶、补体C3活性均呈现出随亚硝酸盐氮浓度升高而降低的趋势,且当亚硝酸盐氮浓度小于1．50mg·L-1时,罗非鱼血清碱性磷酸酶、溶菌酶、补体C3活性与对照组相比差异不显著（P〉0．05）,说明低于1．50mg·L-1的亚硝酸盐氮不会对罗非鱼机体免疫力产生显著影响;而高于3．00mg·L-1的亚硝酸盐氮胁迫能够显著（P〈O．05）降低罗非鱼血清碱性磷酸酶、溶菌酶、补体C3活性,最大下降率分别达到31．75％、27．40％、14．43％,从而显示出高浓度亚硝酸盐氮（〉3．00mg·L-1）能够对罗非鱼机体产生强烈的氧化胁迫和免疫损伤,导致机体免疫力下降,增加罗非鱼对致病菌的易感性。本研究认为,3．00mg·L-1可能是亚硝酸盐氮胁迫引起罗非鱼机体免疫力显著降低的阈值。     

沉积物中2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)在铜锈环棱螺体内的毒代动力学及其繁殖毒性

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一种全球性的新型持久性有毒污染物,沉积物中高浓度的PBDEs是水生态系统的巨大风险源,2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)在PBDEs同系物中,目前分布最广,生物毒性最强。为评价沉积物中BDE-47向底栖动物体内转移的潜力及其对底栖动物的潜在繁殖毒性,将实验室培养的铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)暴露于BDE-47加标沉积物中,研究了BDE-47在铜锈环棱螺体内的毒代动力学特性及其对铜锈环棱螺潜在繁殖力的影响。结果表明,铜锈环棱螺对沉积物中BDE-47吸收较快,代谢速度相对较慢,BDE-47在铜锈环棱螺体内具有较强的生物积累性。生物积累达理论平衡时,铜锈环棱螺体内BDE-47浓度为1440.67ng·g-1(以样品干质量计)。BDE-47在铜锈环棱螺体内的生物积累和生物净化过程较好地符合一级动力学模型,摄入速率常数、清除速率常数和生物-沉积物累积因子分别为0.10、0.038和2.75,生物半衰期为18d。铜锈环棱螺体内BDE-47达到90%稳定状态所需的理论时间约为60d。低浓度BDE-47(160ng·g-1)暴露对铜锈环棱螺的潜在繁殖力没有影响,但当浓度≥640ng·g-1时,铜锈环棱螺的繁殖力下降50%,这表明BDE-47对铜锈环棱螺具有繁殖毒性。铜锈环棱螺可作为指示沉积物中底栖生物长期暴露于BDE-47的良好检测模型。     

己唑醇在土壤中的吸附-解吸特性

采用批量平衡法和气相色谱法研究了己唑醇在3种土壤中的吸附-解吸特性.结果表明,己唑醇在3种供试土壤中的等温吸附-解吸曲线能较好地符合Freundlich模型,其吸附常数(Kf)分别为0.791、2.274和43.800,显示3种土壤吸附行为存在较大差异.吸附率与土壤有机质含量(OM)、土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)和粘粒含量呈良好相关性.己唑醇在粘土和壤土中的等温吸附线属于L型等温吸附线,砂土中属S型.己唑醇在土壤中的吸附自由能为-5.186—-8.164 kJ.mol-1,表示吸附机理主要为物理吸附.     

Underlying causes of habitat-associated differences in size of age-0 walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) in the Gulf of Alaska

Age-0 walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) caught in September in the Gulf of Alaska display habitat-associated differences in standard length (SL). Age-0 fish collected in the region around Sutwik Island and 375?km farther downstream near the Shumagin Islands most likely originate from the Shelikof Strait spawning aggregation. However, age-0 fish resulting from the same spawning aggregation differ in mean size up to 20?mm between areas by September. We examined the otoliths of the larval and age-0 stages of walleye pollock from these two areas in 2000 and 2001 to determine whether growth rate, hatch date, and/or temperature influenced fish size. Circulation models were used to determine whether transport of larvae from an upstream spawning group into the study areas could have occurred. Mean in situ temperature during sampling periods was not defined as a significant factor in altering growth rates. Overlapping hatch date distributions of the larval and age-0 fish in the Shumagin Island area confirmed that the fish were from the Shelikof Strait spawning group. Comparison of hatch date distributions in the upstream Sutwik Island area revealed larger/older larvae from an upstream spawning group mixed with larvae from the Shelikof Strait spawning group. Our results suggest that the offset of 20?mm SL between the groups of age-0 pollock was the result of a combination of enhanced survivorship of early-hatched larvae in the Sutwik area and the introduction and retention of the progeny of another spawning group originating upstream of Shelikof Strait.     

一株高产油脂丝状真菌的形态学及rDNA-ITS2分子鉴定

从采集的土样中分离获得45株产油脂菌株,其中丝状真菌7-4的原始油脂含量最高,达到46.80%.分别采用传统形态学鉴定方法及rDNA-ITS2序列克隆进行鉴定.形态学鉴定的结果初步表明该真菌为卷枝毛霉(Mucorcircinelloides),采用rDNA-ITS2序列进行复核表明该菌与卷枝毛霉(M.circinelloides)同源性为98.00%,而与易脆毛霉(M.fragilis)同源性达到100.00%.从构建的系统进化树中可以看出,该菌与易脆毛霉共同构成一个分支,并与卷枝毛霉聚成一大枝.结合形态学鉴定的结果确定菌株7-4为易脆毛霉(M.fragilis).其脂肪酸组成与植物相似,以棕榈酸、亚油酸、油酸为主,不饱和脂肪酸含量达91.77%.     

树脂负载α-FeOOH异相光Fenton降解水中己烷雌酚

以Amberlite200树脂为载体,在Fe(NO3)3-HNO3体系中恒温水解制备了负载型催化剂α-FeOOH/Resin,以己烷雌酚(HEX)为目标化合物,研究了α-FeOOH/Resin的异相Fenton催化性能.结果表明,α-FeOOH/Resin异相Fenton反应能够有效降解水中的HEX,紫外光和H2O2的协同作用很大程度地提高了降解效率;pH值的降低或初始H2O2浓度的提高,均能增加HEX的降解速率;在中性条件下,HEX的光Fenton降解过程中,溶出的铁元素对降解贡献不大,异相Fenton反应起主导作用;催化剂重复使用后仍具有较好的催化活性和机械强度,说明铁在其表面负载牢固,催化剂具有一定的实用性.     

Ecosystem service tradeoff between traditional and modern agriculture: a case study in Congjiang County, Guizhou Province, China

Besides crops, agriculture supplies all three major categories of ecosystem services (ES). However, agriculture also supplies an array of ecosystem dis-services (EDS) that may harm other ecosystems. The flows of ES and EDS are directly dependent on the management of agricultural ecosystems. The traditional method of Chinese agriculture, which supports sustainable agriculture, has been proven to increase ES and reduce EDS. However, there is a lack of a detailed understanding of the ES and EDS associated with traditional agriculture, and also of differences between traditional and modern agriculture. In this study, an investigation was conducted on the ecosystem services (ES) and ecosystem dis-services (EDS) of traditional and modern agriculture in Congjiang County, Guizhou Province, China. Afterwards, the economic values of ES and EDS were quantified experimentally and calculated based on the market price. The results show that: the net economic value of traditional rice-fish agriculture was 3.31×10⁴ CNY·ha^?1 (6.83 CNY = 1 USD as of July, 2009) and that of rice monoculture was 1.99×10⁴ CNY·ha^?1. Significant differences existed between traditional rice-fish and rice monoculture fields for their economic values of some ES or EDS. A benefit and cost analysis (BCA) model was used to adjust the conflict between the economic income and environmental loss from traditional and modern agriculture. The BCA model not only calculates the net income but also monetizes the EDS of the agricultural systems. The results showed that the net income of rice-fish agriculture was 1.94×10⁴ CNY·ha^?1 higher than that of rice monoculture. However, the benefit to cost ratio (BCR) of rice-fish agriculture was lower than that of rice monoculture, indicating that the traditional agricultural model was not the most optimized choice for farmers. The value of the rice-fish agriculture was much higher than that of the rice monoculture. Thus, when considering the benefits that rice-fish agriculture contributes to the largescale society, these agricultural methods needs to be utilized. Furthermore, the labor opportunity costs were calculated and the comprehensive value of rice monoculture was negative. Finally, the compensation standard was calculated based on the comprehensive benefit analysis. The lowest level was 1.09×10³ CNY·ha^?1, and the highest level was 1.21×10⁴ CNY·ha^?1.     

中国水排污许可证制度的定位及改革建议

从点源控制的基本目标出发,按照命令控制型政策的特点和要求,对排污许可证制度重新进行了定位;采用环境政策分析的一般方法,借鉴美国和中国台湾地区的相关经验,分析了我国排污许可证制度存在的问题.研究指出,排污许可证制度是点源排放控制的最基本、最核心的手段,同时也是其他政策手段的“载体”;我国现有的水污染排放许可证制度尚不符合命令控制型政策的要求;存在相关政策间缺乏协调、政府和企业环境管理能力不足、缺乏专业人才等问题,因此,无法保障点源的连续达标排放.需要尽快改革我国的水污染物排放许可证制度,尽快出台实施该制度的专门条例、建立排污许可证制度的分级管理体制、制订实施技术规范、进行基于排污许可证制度的政策整合、培养管理相关人才及建立排污许可证制度的评估、更新和完善机制.      

太湖湖滨带林草复合带草本植物枯落物量的变化特征

为减少湖滨带林带枯落物的产生,有效降低N、P随降水径流进入湖泊水体的风险,采用人工草坪替代林下杂草的方式,建立林草复合带.以5种草坪草为研究对象,设立3种种植密度,采用定位定期采集的方法,研究草坪建植后草本植物枯落物的变化以及不同种植密度对枯落物量的影响.结果表明:①间距15 cm高密度种植易导致草坪枯落物的产生,以白三叶和红花酢浆草较突出;草坪种植后林下草本植物枯落物量大幅度减少,平均枯落物量减少66%～95%.②草坪枯落物量随生长时间变化无明显规律,7—11月植物生长期间,白三叶草坪10月枯落物量最高;麦冬草坪、红花酢浆草草坪以及与其混种的其他草坪枯落物量最高时期均出现于8月.③白三叶高、低密度种植单种草坪产生的枯落物量大于与红花酢浆草混种草坪,而中密度种植则相反,单种草坪小于混种草坪.      

基于微电极技术的反硝化滤池生物膜特性分析

为研究反硝化滤池中溶解氧对反硝化作用的影响,制备性能良好尖端直径在30μm以内的氧(O2)以及硝酸盐(NO3-)微电极,以此为测试工具,对反硝化滤池中生物膜内部O2、NO3-微环境分布进行测试,通过建立扩散-反应方程,获得生物膜微环境耗氧及反硝化活性特征.研究结果表明,溶解氧在生物膜内部呈明显的下降趋势,从主体溶液氧浓度约1mg/L下降至生物膜300μm深度处约为0.生物膜内部反硝化活性区域发生在300~600μm深度范围内.该条件下反硝化滤池生物膜的氧利用速率常数以及反硝化速率常数之间的比值为1.46,溶解氧对反硝化过程的影响是显著的.