卷件结合整理环境监测档案

分析了环境监测档案管理特点,提出改卷为件和卷件结合开展档案归档整理的思路与方法。划分出直接改卷为件整理和采用组件与虚拟卷整理的环境监测档案类别。提出了将卷件结合整理与改卷为件的档案纳入同一个编号体系管理的办法。     

Multi-scale spatial structure of heavy metals in agricultural soils in Beijing

To effectively investigate the spatial variability of heavy metals in soil, produce a higher quality spatial distribution map, and identify the potential pollution sources of heavy metals, geostatistics was employed to evaluate the effect of scale on spatial variability of heavy metals in Beijing agricultural soils. The results revealed that spatial variability of Cr, Ni, Zn, and Hg was dependent on scale. Validation of the optimality of theoretical semivariance and comparative analysis of the estimation accuracy demonstrated that the multi-scale nested model can reveal the spatial structure of heavy metals effectively and improve the estimation accuracy better than the single-scale method, thereby enabling production a higher quality spatial interpolation map. Thus, the multi-scale kriging nested model is a useful tool for revealing spatial variability of heavy metals in soils, while the spatial distribution maps allow the identification of hot spots with high concentrations of heavy metals.     

Comparison of vehicle activity and emission inventory between Beijing and Shanghai

Vehicle emission inventory is a critical element for air quality study. This study created systemic methods to establish a vehicle emission inventory in Chinese cities. The methods were used to obtain credible results of vehicle activity in Beijing and Shanghai. On the basis of the vehicle activity data, the International Vehicle Emission model is used to establish vehicle emission inventories. The emissions analysis indicates that 3 t of particulate matter (PM), 199 t of nitrogen oxides (NO(x)), 192 t of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and 2403 t of carbon monoxide (CO) are emitted from on-road vehicles each day in Beijing, whereas 4 t of PM, 189 t of NO(x), 113 t of VOCs, and 1009 t of CO are emitted in Shanghai. Although common features were found in these two cities (many new passenger cars and a high taxi proportion in the fleet), the emission results are dissimilar because of the different local policy regarding vehicles. The method to quantify vehicle emission on an urban scale can be applied to other Chinese cities. Also, knowing how different policies can lead to diverse emissions is beneficial knowledge for other city governments.     

木浆清洁漂白废水中毒性物质的研究

为掌握木浆清洁漂白技术的毒性排放负荷及漂白废水的主要有机毒性成分,采用发光细菌急性毒性测试技术和GC/MS分析技术研究木浆清洁漂白废水的毒性及毒性物质.结果表明,木浆 OHMP漂白废水的总排放毒性因子(Toxicity Effluent Factor,TEF)为73.136TU·m3/t浆,其中H段废水TEF为48.356 TU·m3/t浆,占总量的66.1%;0段占总量的33.9%.木浆OHMP漂白总排放毒性当量约为7.314 g HgCl2/t浆.对漂白废水有机成分的分析表明,有机酸类约占H段废水检测总量的40.83%,烷烃类占13.62%.其中,氯代有机物3种(占检测总量的1.61%),分别为四氯化碳、2,2,2-三氯乙酸胺和2,4,6-三氯苯腈.与木浆CEH漂白相比,清洁漂白废水的毒性排放负荷小、有机毒性成份少,可以大力推广.     

昆明市城中村火灾事故统计分析

城中村是中国快速城市化进程中的一个普遍现象,由于缺乏统一规划和专门管理,城中村的高火灾风险成为当前面临的重要问题并得到社会各界关注.为获得昆明市城中村火灾的特点和规律,从2004-2006年昆明市火灾统计记录中区分出城中村和非城中村火灾数据,在此基础上采用Bayes统计分析城中村不同用途建筑物的火灾发生概率及概率比例.结果表明,相比城中村其他用途的建筑,居住用房火灾概率较低,而具有生产和加工性质的行业作坊、易燃易爆场所和娱乐场所的火灾概率较高,分别是居住用房的48倍、26倍和18倍.进一步采用火灾原因-场所关联对比分析了城中村和非城中村火灾的特点.从火灾发生场所看,与非城中村相比,城中村居住场所火灾发生比例高7.2%,路边可燃物高88.8%,木材、家具加工厂高184.8%,易燃易爆场所高521.4%; 从火灾原因看,城中村电气、电线短路致灾比例高1 2%,限制行为能力人(小孩和精神病人)致灾比例高65 1%,燃放烟花爆竹致灾比例高3.5%,吸烟致灾比例高50.9%,违章操作致灾比例高59.0%.这些差异基本上反映了城中村的主要外在特征,这些外在特征经城中村实地调研得到证实.     

平行钢丝吊索强度安全性分析与评估

评估不同断丝数目时吊索的安全性能.在对某大跨径钢管混凝土拱桥三维有限元实体模型仿真分析的基础上,以拉索在恒载及汽车活载作用下的拉力安全系数为拉索失效判据,建立拉索失效功能函数.确定拉索失效功能函数中各参数的概率分布,采用Matlab计算软件生成各参数的随机样本,进而通过编程实现功能函数的计算机求解.采用Monte-Carlo法(蒙特卡洛法)评估吊索在不同损伤程度时的强度安全概率,计算各工况下吊索强度可靠性指标值并推导出吊索失效的临界断丝数.结果表明,吊索失效概率随断丝数的增加而急剧增大,吊索强度安全可靠性指标值随断丝数的增加近似呈线性衰减趋势.确定吊索失效的临界断丝数对吊索宏观检查和评估具有较大的工程实用价值.     

HAN阻隔防爆模型研究

通过合理简化,利用多方气体状态方程,分别建立油品储运容器内可燃混合气体定容爆炸模型和装设阻隔防爆材料的油品储运容器内可燃混合气体爆炸模型,获得了阻隔防爆性能测试装置的燃爆容器抗爆设计限值,以及其在HAN阻隔防爆测试中燃爆容器试爆压力量级的控制下限值,同时,还给出HAN工程应用中容器留空率的计算方法,具有实际指导意义。     

江苏省危险化学品生产状况调查分析及监管对策

根据《危险化学品名录》,分析江苏省取得危险化学品安全生产许可证的1774家企业的化学品种类、数量、生产企业类型分布情况.结果表明,江苏省危险化学品生产企业在地域分布上苏南多于苏北;化工、建材行业的危险化学品生产企业所占比例较高;危险化学品涉及除爆炸品外的6大类,达3 790种,以生产易燃液体的企业数目为最多;有31家企业生产10种以上危险化学品.笔者建议,通过评估摸清企业安全生产状况,严格控制危险化学品企业安全生产许可证发放,实现危险化学品运输企业的动态管理,建立安全监测预警技术平台.     

Source identification and characterization of the accumulating non-biodegradable organics in Korean reservoirs

An increase in the chemical oxygen demand (COD) has been noticed in most Korean reservoirs. Therefore, this research systematically investigated the causes of organic accumulation. Samples of soil affecting the quality of water of reservoirs were collected at various sources and analyzed for their organic characteristics. The COD to biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) ratio was used as the key parameter in the evaluation of non-biodegradable (NBD) organic accumulation in the reservoirs. Soil samples containing plant roots were agitated, with the supernatant showing COD/BOD ratios of less than 2.8, while those of the composted tree leaves were greater than 5.0, suggesting that humic substances produced in forest areas are a major cause of NBD organic accumulation in reservoirs. In addition, the organic fractionation of the leachate from leaching tests showed that of the various types of hydrophobic natural organic matter (NOM), the larger molecular weight humic acid makes a greater contribution than fulvic acid to the increase in the NBD COD in Korean reservoirs.