辽河流域与英国中部河湖水体中溶解有机质的荧光特性

运用三维荧光光谱技术对辽河流域和英国中部水体中溶解有机质(DOM)的荧光光谱特性进行了分析.结果表明,辽河流域各研究水体中DOM包含4种荧光组分,即类色氨酸、类酪氨酸、可见光区和紫外光区类腐殖质,通过对荧光特性定量指标的分析可知,辽河流域各研究断面水体中类腐殖质物质内源作用大于陆源,DOM具有较强的新近自生源,各河流水体中DOM腐殖化程度顺序为:浑河中游海城河中游蒲河下游太子河下游.相比之下,英国河湖中,除了River Tame含有以上4种荧光组分外,其它水体中均没有发现类酪氨酸荧光物质,甚至在River Tern中仅含有类腐殖质荧光物质,河湖中DOM含有较少的新近自生源组分,以陆源影响为主.另外,辽河流域水体中类蛋白与类腐殖质荧光峰强度比值大于英国各河流水体的平均值.由此可以推断,辽河流域各研究断面大量污染物的输入,是造成其严重内源污染的主要原因,从而使水体中DOM含量增加,英国各河流断面其DOM主要来自于水体本身存在的大量微生物和浮游植物的代谢活动以及土壤有机质经雨水的冲刷流入水体的贡献.     

中国海岛县际经济差异与今后产业布局分析

我国12个海岛县,分散分布在黄海等四大海域中,由于所处的海域位置、海洋与岛陆资源丰度以及受市场机制与人文状况、海岛资源开发力度与所处行政区的影响,海岛县际之间经济存在一定差异。根据海岛县人均GDP计算的基尼系数和绘制的洛伦斯曲线图,可以看出海岛县经济差异在缩小。海岛县之间产业结构也存在不同的演进过程,根据主成分得分值,在坐标系上海岛县的具体分布,可以划分出产业结构的不同演进阶段和产业结构类型。目前,海岛县的经济虽然仍为资源型经济,但在开发利用资源方面,已从海洋生物资源利用为主,逐步转向以利用海洋空间资源、海洋非生物资源、岛陆土地资源和海洋生物资源并重的发展方向。一些陆域发展的产业也逐步向海岛转移和延伸,从而在海岛县经济结构中,二、三产业的比重有所增加。     

太行山区典型植被对土壤水势动态的影响研究

植被对土壤水动态的影响研究对认识水循环机理和合理确定土地利用方式具有重要作用。论文以崇陵实验流域为研究对象,利用负压计对太行山区的3种典型植被荒草、刺槐和侧柏覆被下的土壤水势进行观测。通过土壤水势的动态变化可以看出,土壤水势在年内存在明显的季节变化,土壤水势在3~6月缓慢下降,7~8月波动上升,9~10月下降,且3种植被在丰水年的土壤水势差异大于枯水年。从土壤水势剖面可以看出,荒草地土壤水蒸散发消耗集中在0~50cm土层,刺槐林地在0~90cm都有较大水分消耗,侧柏林地在整个土壤剖面上具有较小的水分消耗。通过降水后土壤水势的变化可以看出,刺槐林地土壤对降水入渗的反应时间最快,侧柏林地土壤在雨后的持水性最好。     

Microbial reduction of uranium (VI) by Bacillus sp. dwc-2: A macroscopic and spectroscopic study

The microbial reduction of U(VI) by Bacillus sp. dwc-2, isolated from soil in Southwest China, was explored using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES). Our studies indicated that approximately 16.0% of U(VI) at an initial concentration of 100 mg/L uranium nitrate could be reduced by Bacillus sp. dwc-2 at pH 8.2 under anaerobic conditions at room temperature. Additionally, natural organic matter (NOM) played an important role in enhancing the bioreduction of U(VI) by Bacillus sp. dwc-2. XPS results demonstrated that the uranium presented mixed valence states (U(VI) and U(IV)) after bioreduction, which was subsequently confirmed by XANES. Furthermore, the TEM and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis suggested that the reduced uranium was bioaccumulated mainly within the cell and as a crystalline structure on the cell wall. These observations implied that the reduction of uranium may have a significant effect on its fate in the soil environment in which these bacterial strains occur.     

珠江广州河段着生藻类的群落结构及其与水质的关系

于2007年6月、7月和9月,采用玻璃挂片法对珠江广州河段9个断面处着生藻类的分布状况进行了调查,同时测定了叶绿素a、总氮、总磷、溶解氧、pH等环境因子.本调查共观察到着生藻类35种,主要以丝状绿藻占据优势,其中毛枝藻是绝对优势种,其最高数量百分比达97.4%;而附着在绿藻藻体的一些硅藻,如异极藻、脆杆藻也是常见优势物种.着生藻类数量丰富,为3.16×104-3.06×106cells·cm-2;种类多样性较低,Shannon-Weaver种类多样性指数为0.15～2.68.从总氮和总磷含量来看,珠江广州河段水质为Ⅲ类至Ⅴ类之间.调查期间,2007年7月12日举行了"广州市万人游珠江活动",由于活动期间采取的一些截污治理措施,6月、7月水质特别是广州市区河段水质有所好转;但活动过后,营养盐特别是总磷浓度迅速上升,叶绿素a含量和着生藻类数量急剧增加.研究结果说明,珠江广州河段水质能够得以改善,但需要采取持续而有效的措施防止水质的进一步恶化,才能保证珠江水资源的可持续发展.     

废弃电子塑料在超临界异丙醇中的液化特性

研究了废弃含溴化阻燃剂的电子塑料在超临界异丙醇中的液化特性.研究结果表明塑料在超临界异丙醇中发生了解聚,产生油、气以及固体残渣,塑料中的溴化阻燃剂发生了脱溴降解.反应时间、固/液比、溶剂填充度对塑料解聚及阻燃剂脱溴降解影响较大,在最佳工艺条件(温度:400℃,反应时间:60min,固/液比:1/10,溶剂填充度:50%)下获得60%的产油率及95.3%的脱溴率.油以苯系物及酚类物质为主要组成物质,其热值为37.5MJ/kg.超临界异丙醇处理含溴化阻燃剂塑料主要包括溴化阻燃剂的萃取、脱溴降解和塑料高温解聚等过程.     

实时尾气检测系统OEM的应用

机动车尾气排放实时检测系统OEM是基于车辆实际行驶路况的新型车载尾气检测系统。该系统突破了传统的定点尾气收集数据的局限性，能够方便快捷地获得不同路段、不同车型、不同时段的以秒为单位的尾气排放数据以及包括速度和加速度在内的瞬间车辆行驶数据。文中对OEM系统的基本原理和方法进行了简单的介绍，并给出了应用该系统在北京市交通网络测试尾气的一些初始结果。     

基于微滤技术供水厂的臭氧预氧化前置工艺中臭氧投加量的优化

通过臭氧预氧化降解水体中溶解性有机物(DOM)对DOM的氧化效果以及微滤(MF)膜污染的缓和效应进行了研究,并分析了臭氧氧化过程中光谱参数变化的规律,进而提出一种通过多目标优化模型确定最佳臭氧投加量的方法。结果表明,臭氧预氧化技术能够将中等分子质量的芳香类DOM转化为低分子质量的有机化合物,对应的UV₂₅₄去除率最高可达90.34%,从而显著改变了MF进水的光谱特性。此外,臭氧预氧化还显著缓解了DOM造成的膜污染,膜污染指数(FI)最多可降低51.49%。根据上述结果可建立多目标优化模型,并用于确定臭氧预氧化-膜过滤工艺最佳臭氧投加量。根据层次分析法,对SUVA₂₅₄、FI和臭氧利用率3个客观指标分配不同的权重,以满足不同饮用水厂的需求。此外,模型分析中可用光谱斜率作为SUVA₂₅₄的替代参数,特别是S_275~295 (R²=0.979 7),用UV₂₅₄作为FI的替代参数(R²=0.879 9),进而简化模型系数的获取。以上研究结果可为水厂在实际应用中优化臭氧投加量、综合提高水处理效果、缓解膜污染并降低运行成本提供参考。     

Effects of payments for ecosystem services on wildlife habitat recovery

Conflicts between local people's livelihoods and conservation have led to many unsuccessful conservation efforts and have stimulated debates on policies that might simultaneously promote sustainable management of protected areas and improve the living conditions of local people. Many government‐sponsored payments‐for‐ecosystem‐services (PES) schemes have been implemented around the world. However, few empirical assessments of their effectiveness have been conducted, and even fewer assessments have directly measured their effects on ecosystem services. We conducted an empirical and spatially explicit assessment of the conservation effectiveness of one of the world's largest PES programs through the use of a long‐term empirical data set, a satellite‐based habitat model, and spatial autoregressive analyses on direct measures of change in an ecosystem service (i.e., the provision of wildlife species habitat). Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) habitat improved in Wolong Nature Reserve of China after the implementation of the Natural Forest Conservation Program. The improvement was more pronounced in areas monitored by local residents than those monitored by the local government, but only when a higher payment was provided. Our results suggest that the effectiveness of a PES program depends on who receives the payment and on whether the payment provides sufficient incentives. As engagement of local residents has not been incorporated in many conservation strategies elsewhere in China or around the world, our results also suggest that using an incentive‐based strategy as a complement to command‐and‐control, community‐ and norm‐based strategies may help achieve greater conservation effectiveness and provide a potential solution for the park versus people conflict.     

Impacts of land use change on ecosystem service value in Lijiang River Basin,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - It is of great significance for the coordinated development of the environment and the economy to study the impact of the human driving factors of...