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971.
The anti-predator responses of an animal may depend on the species of predator attacking. For example, ground-dwelling monkeys
respond with different warning calls in response to attacks from hawks from above vs attacks from leopards at the side. In
grouping animals, it has usually been assumed that the best anti-predator behavior against most predators is to move toward
the center of a group. However, little work has been done to study positioning of individuals in response to different predators
and whether it might be influenced by gender or body condition. An optimality model is developed that gives predictions for
how the needs of predator avoidance, drafting, and foraging could lead to one optimal location within the group. We then conducted
a laboratory experiment with individually marked whirligig beetles (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae). We exposed them to an aerial (bird)
or aquatic (fish) attack and determined changes in their distance to the front of groups at different speeds of water. We
found that female whirligigs occupied the front of a group in response to a fish attack in fast water, but the back after
an aerial bird attack, while the reverse was true for males. In slow water, different results were found; in response to a
bird attack, females were more likely to be found in the front compared with males. Body condition was not correlated to the
front/back position of either males or females before or after attacks in our study. 相似文献
972.
973.
A Framework for Evaluating the Effects of Human Factors on Wildlife Habitat: the Case of Giant Pandas 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Jianguo Liu ‡ Zhiyun Ouyang † William W. Taylor Richard Groop § Yingchun Tan and Heming Zhang 《Conservation biology》1999,13(6):1360-1370
Abstract: To address the complex interactions between humans and wildlife habitat, we developed a conceptual framework that links human factors with forested landscapes and wildlife habitat. All the components in the framework are integrated into systems models that analyze the effects of human factors and project how wildlife habitat would change under different policy scenarios. As a case study, we applied this framework to the Wolong Nature Reserve in Sichuan Province (southwestern China), the largest home of the giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca ). We collected ecological and socioeconomic data with a combination of various methods ( field observations, aerial photographs, government documents and statistics, interviews, and household surveys) and employed geographic information systems and systems modeling to analyze and integrate the data sources. Human population size has increased by 66% and the number of households in the reserve has increased by 115% since 1975, when the reserve was established. During the same period, the quality and quantity of the giant panda habitat dramatically decreased because of increasing human activities such as fuelwood collection. Systems modeling predicted that under the status quo, human population in the reserve would continue to grow and cause more destruction of the remaining panda habitat, whereas reducing human birth rates and increasing human emigration rates would lower human population size and alleviate human impacts on the panda habitat. Furthermore, our simulations and surveys suggested that policies encouraging the emigration of young people would be more effective and feasible than relocating older people in reducing human population size and conserving giant panda habitat in the reserve. 相似文献
974.
Cristina A.R. De Carvalho Walter Leal Filho William H.G. Hale 《The Environmentalist》1999,18(4):223-229
This paper describes the problems encountered in developing environmental education in Federal protected areas in Brazil. Results of a survey on the current status of environmental education in four categories of Federal protected areas; namely national parks, biological reserves, ecological stations and environmental protection areas, are described and discussed. The study suggests that the development of environmental education in protected areas in the country has several limitations: financial resources, lack of training, material resources and a lack of policy on environmental education. It also identifies that some of these problems seem to be inter-related with those of the National System of Conservation Units of the country which may result in a retarding of the development of environmental education in such areas. 相似文献
975.
Although espoused by many, integrated environmental management (IEM) has been difficult to accomplish in practice. There are
many reasons for this shortfall, but certainly a key factor is the lack of agreement among scholars and practitioners regarding
the concept and its defining elements. Our purpose here is to sharpen the conceptual basis for IEM by elaborating and pragmatically
characterizing a framework for the practice of more integrated environmental management. We outline four fundamental dimensions
of IEM: (1) comprehensive, (2) interconnective, (3) strategic, and (4) interactive/coordinative. IEM efforts in the Black
Earth
Creek watershed in Wisconsin illustrate specific attributes and examples pertaining to our conceptualization of IEM. Acceptance
of the conceptual framework elaborated here should alleviate some of the confusion associated with IEM and help move this
widely heralded approach from theory into practice. 相似文献
976.
Arsenic dynamics in the rhizosphere and its sequestration on rice roots as affected by root oxidation 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of root oxidation on arsenic (As) dynamics in the rhizosphere and As sequestration on rice roots. There were significant differences (P 〈 0.05) in pH values between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, with pH 5.68-6.16 in the rhizosphere and 6.30-6.37 in non-rhizosphere soils as well as differences in redox potentials (P 〈 0.05). Percentage arsenite was lower (4%-16%) in rhizosphere soil solutions from rice genotypes with higher radial oxygen loss (ROL) compared with genotypes with lower ROL (P 〈 0.05). Arsenic concentrations in iron plaque and rice straw were significantly negatively correlated (R = -0.60, P 〈 0.05). Genotypes with higher ROL (TD71 and Yinjingmanzhau) had significantly (P 〈 0.001) lower total As in rice grains (1.35 and 0.96 mg/kg, respectively) compared with genotypes with lower ROL (IAPAR9, 1.68 mg/kg; Nanyangzhan 2.24 mg/kg) in the As treatment, as well as lower inorganic As (P 〈 0.05). The present study showed that genotypes with higher ROL could oxidize more arsenite in rhizosphere soils, and induce more Fe plaque formation, which subsequently sequestered more As. This reduced As uptake in aboveground plant tissues and also reduced inorganic As accumulation in rice grains. The study has contributed to further understanding the mechanisms whereby ROL influences As uptake and accumulation in rice. 相似文献
977.
Routine monitoring of the public water supply in Aberystwyth revealed high levels of aluminium during November 1989. These levels were twelve times the EEC recommended level and three times the maximum permitted level. While the reservoirs supplying the region and the streams draining their upland peaty catchment areas generally contain moderate levels of Al, Al salts added as coagulating agents are a major source. There is also considerable variation of the Al in potable waters through the month of November 1989 for an Aberystwyth supply. Private supplies, from groundwaters, in the region generally contain low Al.While most drinking waters in the region contain low Pb, values close to the EEC limit have been recorded for some samples from older houses with Pb pipes, while a sample from a well supply in an old lead mining area contained three times the EEC limit. Despite the wide use of Cu piping for water supplies in the area, most values for this element in mains-water are low, with occasional higher values. However, many private supplies from spring sources are extremely Cu-rich and again levels of this element in a private supply showed a marked temporal variation during November 1989. Zinc levels in potable waters of the area are very variable. That most of the Zn in potable waters is derived from the dissolution of Cu pipes is evidenced by a strong correlation between Cu and Zn in these waters. A few Cd values of over 2 g L–1 have also been recorded. 相似文献
978.
Bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines 'S156' (O3-sensitive)/'R123' (O3-tolerant) and cultivars 'BBL 290' (O3-sensitive)/'BBL 274' (O3-tolerant) were used to study the effects of O3 on stomatal conductance (gs), density, and aperture size on leaf and pod surfaces with the objective of establishing links between the degree of plant sensitivity to O3 and plasticity of stomatal properties in response to O3. Studies in open-top chambers (OTCs) and in continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) established a clear relationship between plant developmental stages, degrees of O3 sensitivity and gs: while 'S156' had higher gs rates than 'R123' earlier in development, similar differences between 'BBL 290' and 'BBL 274' were observed at later stages. Gs rates on the abaxial leaf surfaces of 'S156' and 'BBL 290', accompanied by low leaf temperatures, were significantly higher than their O3-tolerant counterparts. Exposure to O3 in CSTRs had greater and more consistent impacts on both stomatal densities and aperture sizes of O3-sensitive cultivars. Stomatal densities were highest on the abaxial leaf surfaces of 'S156' and 'BBL 290' at higher O3 concentrations (60 ppb), but the largest aperture sizes were recorded on the adaxial leaf surfaces at moderate O3 concentrations (30 ppb). Exposure to O3 eliminated aperture size differences on the adaxial leaf surfaces between sensitive and tolerant cultivars. Regardless of sensitivity to O3 and treatment regimes, the smallest aperture sizes and highest stomatal densities were found on the abaxial leaf surface. Our studies showed that O3 has the potential to affect stomatal plasticity and confirmed the presence of different control mechanisms for stomatal development on each leaf surface. This appeared to be more evident in O3-sensitive cultivars. 相似文献
979.
Comparison of receptor models for source apportionment of volatile organic compounds in Beijing, China 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
Song Y Dai W Shao M Liu Y Lu S Kuster W Goldan P 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(1):174-183
Identifying the sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is key to reducing ground-level ozone and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). Several receptor models have been developed to apportion sources, but an intercomparison of these models had not been performed for VOCs in China. In the present study, we compared VOC sources based on chemical mass balance (CMB), UNMIX, and positive matrix factorization (PMF) models. Gasoline-related sources, petrochemical production, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) were identified by all three models as the major contributors, with UNMIX and PMF producing quite similar results. The contributions of gasoline-related sources and LPG estimated by the CMB model were higher, and petrochemical emissions were lower than in the UNMIX and PMF results, possibly because the VOC profiles used in the CMB model were for fresh emissions and the profiles extracted from ambient measurements by the two-factor analysis models were "aged". 相似文献
980.
Effect of organic fertilizers derived dissolved organic matter on pesticide sorption and leaching 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Incorporation of organic fertilizers/amendments has been, and continues to be, a popular strategy for golf course turfgrass management. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from these organic materials may, however, facilitate organic chemical movement through soils. A batch equilibrium technique was used to evaluate the effects of organic fertilizer-derived DOM on sorption of three organic chemicals (2,4-D, naphthalene and chlorpyrifos) in USGA (United States Golf Association) sand, a mixed soil (70% USGA sand and 30% native soil) and a silt loam soil (Typic Fragiochrept). DOM was extracted from two commercial organic fertilizers. Column leaching experiments were also performed using USGA sand. Sorption experiments showed that sorption capacity was significantly reduced with increasing DOM concentration in solution for all three chemicals. Column experimental results were consistent with batch equilibrium data. These results suggest that organic fertilizer-derived DOM might lead to enhanced transport of applied chemicals in turf soils. 相似文献