Monitoring the coastal waters of Kuwait for chemical mutagens

Industrial and municipal effluents are currently dumped in the coastal waters of Kuwait. They contain a variety of pollutants, some of which are potentially mutagenic and/or carcinogenic. For detection of these pollutants, marine algae (seaweeds) and clams were used as bioindicators of pollutants in the marine environment. Bacterial mutagenicity assays using fluctuation analysis and the Ames test were used to detect both frameshift and basechange mutagens. The results suggest that the majority of sites along the coast of Kuwait are polluted with low concentrations of mutagenic pollutants. The sources of input and the chemical nature of these pollutants were not determined.     

Efficacy of the botanical extract (myrrh), chemical insecticides and their combinations on the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis boisd (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)

Effects of the botanical extract (myrrh), Commiphora molmol, and the sublethal treatments of profenofos/chlorofluazuron, fenvalerate and pyriproxyfen on the larvae of S. littoralis were investigated. The results showed that myrrh induced the highest activity after 7 days of treatment with concentration of 10000 ppm and the percentage of mortality reached 44.4%. The chemical insecticide profenofos/chlorofluazuron appeared to be the most effective treatment, giving a mortality of 54% after one day of treatment with a concentration of 100 ppm. Different treatments showed adverse effects on pupation, emerging adults and larval duration. The highest concentration of myrrh (10000 ppm) induced 35% pupation. No pupa was obtained with profenofos/chlorofluazuron while fenvalerate and pyriproxyfen gave 13.3% at 50 ppm. At 10000 ppm of myrrh, 25% adult was emerged, also fenvalerate and pyriproxyfen decreased the emerging moth to 13.3% at 50 ppm. For control there was no larval mortality at 7 days and the percentages of pupation and adult emergence were 90%. Bioassays were also conducted to test the joint action of myrrh applied in binary mixtures with each chemical insecticide on Spodoptera larvae. Results of the bioassay of mixtures indicated antagonistic effects on larval mortality. However, combination of myrrh with profenofos/chlorofluazuron showed additive effect. Also, the degree of pupation and emerging moth varied considerably when myrrh combined with the chemical insecticides. The present work shows the strong efficacy of the botanical extract (myrrh) which could be used alone or in combination with sublethal doses of certain insecticides to control the cotton leafworm.