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901.
Climate change is expected to cause an increased frequency of extreme events such as heavy floods and major storms. Such stochastic events have an immediate impact on surface water quality, but the long-term effects are largely unknown. In this study, we assess long-term monitoring data from two Swedish headwater catchments affected by extreme weather events. At one site, where nitrogen effects in soil water, groundwater, and stream water were studied after storm-felling and subsequent forest dieback from bark beetle attack, long-term (>5 years) but relatively modest (generally <1 mg L?1) increases in ammonium (NH4-N) and nitrate (NO3-N) concentrations were observed in the various aqueous media. At the other site, where effects on benthic fauna were studied in a stream impacted by extreme geophysical disturbances caused by rainstorm-induced flashflood, only short-term (1 year) effects were revealed both regarding diversity and composition of species. 相似文献
902.
David G. Angeler Craig R. Allen Hannah E. Birgé Stina Drakare Brendan G. McKie Richard K. Johnson 《Ambio》2014,43(1):113-125
Freshwater ecosystems are important for global biodiversity and provide essential ecosystem services. There is consensus in the scientific literature that freshwater ecosystems are vulnerable to the impacts of environmental change, which may trigger irreversible regime shifts upon which biodiversity and ecosystem services may be lost. There are profound uncertainties regarding the management and assessment of the vulnerability of freshwater ecosystems to environmental change. Quantitative approaches are needed to reduce this uncertainty. We describe available statistical and modeling approaches along with case studies that demonstrate how resilience theory can be applied to aid decision-making in natural resources management. We highlight especially how long-term monitoring efforts combined with ecological theory can provide a novel nexus between ecological impact assessment and management, and the quantification of systemic vulnerability and thus the resilience of ecosystems to environmental change. 相似文献
903.
Restoration of acidified lakes by liming does not, in many cases, improve productivity to a pre-acidified state. We hypothesize that the poor recovery detected in many of these lakes is due to constrained in-lake phosphorous (P) cycling caused by enhanced precipitation of metals in higher pH, limed waters. Long-term (1990–2012) data for 65 limed, circum-neutral (pH 6–8), and acidified lakes in Sweden were analyzed to determine trends for P and potential drivers of these trends. Limed lakes not only had lower mean values and stronger decreasing trends for total P than non-limed lakes, but they also had the highest percentage of decreasing trends (85 %). A P release factor (Hypolimnetic P/Epilimnetic P) was developed to elucidate differences in internal P cycling between lake groups. Consistently, lower P release factors in limed lakes show limitation of internal P cycling during summer months that may be a factor limiting P bioavailability and thus productivity of these systems. 相似文献
904.
Cheol Min Lee Soo Jong Hong Yoon Shin Kim Gee Yong Park Sun Ju Nam Goung Kyung Hwan Kim 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(2):1146-1152
This research has been conducted continuously since 2009 as part of a cohort of studies examining relationships between asthma and genetic factors, dietary habits, and environmental factors. Based on data from environmental research on house dust mites and endotoxins, which are widely known as pollutants in bedding that cause asthma in pregnant women and children, this work was conducted to obtain basic data that can be used in future cohort studies that analyze links between distribution of biological hazards and physical features of residential environments. The detection rates of house dust mite allergens, Der p1 and Der f1, were 52.7 and 86.5 %, respectively, indicating that Der f1 is a dominant species in domestic indoor environments. According to comparisons between concentrations of house dust mites and endotoxins in bedding of pregnant women and children, Der p1 and endotoxins showed significantly lower concentrations in bedding of pregnant women compared with those in bedding of children, whereas Der f1 showed no significant difference in concentration according to bedding. 相似文献
905.
Michael G. Yost Ram A. Hashmonay Yi Zhou Robert Spear DooYong Park Steven Levine 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(4):424-433
ABSTRACT Researchers have applied open path optical sensing techniques to a variety of workplace and environmental monitoring problems. Usually these data are reported in terms of a path-average (or path-integrated) concentration. When assessing potential human exposures along a beam path, this path-average value is not always informative, since concentrations along the path can vary substantially from the beam average. The focus of this research is to arrive at a method for estimating the upper-bound in contaminant concentrations over a fixed open beam path. The approach taken here uses a statistical model to estimate an upper-bound concentration based on a combination of the path-average and a measure of the spatial variability computed from point samples along the beam path. Results of computer simulations and experimental testing in a controlled ventilation chamber indicate that the model produced conservative estimates for the maximum concentration along the beam path. This approach may have many applications for open path monitoring in workplaces or wherever maximum concentrations are a concern. 相似文献
906.
Tsatsral Batmunkh Jin Sang Jung Kihong Park Bulgan Tumendemberel 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(6):659-670
In order to investigate the chemical characteristics of atmospheric aerosol measured during a severe winter haze event, 12-hr PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm) samples were collected at an urban site in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, from January 9 to February 17, 2008. On average, 12-hr PM2.5 mass concentration was 105.1 ± 34.9 μg/m3. Low PM2.5 mass concentrations were measured when low pressure developed over central Mongolia. The 12-hr average organic mass by carbon (OMC) varied from 6.4 to 132.3 μg/m3, with a mean of 54.9 ± 25.4 μg/m3, whereas elemental carbon (EC) concentration ranged from 0.1 to 3.6 μgC/m3, with a mean of 1.5 ± 0.8 μgC/m3. Ammonium sulfate was found to be the most abundant water-soluble ionic component in Ulaanbaatar during the sampling period, with an average concentration of 11.3 ± 5.0 μg/m3. In order to characterize the effect of air mass pathway on fine particulate matter characteristics, 5-day back-trajectory analysis was conducted, using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. The haze level was classified into three categories, based on the 5-day air mass back trajectories, as Stagnant (ST), Continental (CT), and Low Pressure (LP) cases. PM2.5 mass concentration during the Stagnant condition was approximately 2.5 times higher than that during the Low Pressure condition, mainly due to increased pollutant concentration of OMC and secondary ammonium sulfate.
Implications: Mongolia is experiencing rapid rates of urbanization similar to other Asian countries, resulting in air pollution problems by the growing number of automobiles and industrialization. Ulaanbaatar, capital of Mongolia, is inherently vulnerable to air pollution because of its emission sources, topography, and meteorological characteristics. Very limited measurements on chemical characteristics of particulate matter have been carried out in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 相似文献
907.
Primary production in the eutrophic Baltic Sea is limited by nitrogen availability; hence denitrification (natural transformation
of nitrate to gaseous N2) in the sediments is crucial in mitigating the effects of eutrophication. This study shows that dissimilatory nitrate reduction
to ammonium (DNRA) process, where nitrogen is not removed but instead recycled in the system, dominates nitrate reduction
in low oxygen conditions (O2 <110 μM), which have been persistent in the central Gulf of Finland during the past decade. The nitrogen removal rates measured
in this study show that nitrogen removal has decreased in the Gulf of Finland compared to rates measured in mid-1990s and
the decrease is most likely caused by the increased bottom water hypoxia. 相似文献
908.
Interacting forces of climate change and globalization are transforming the Arctic. Triggered by a non-linear shift in sea
ice, this transformation has unleashed mounting interest in opportunities to exploit the region’s natural resources as well
as growing concern about environmental, economic, and political issues associated with such efforts. This article addresses
the implications of this transformation for governance, identifies limitations of existing arrangements, and explores changes
needed to meet new demands. It advocates the development of an Arctic regime complex featuring flexibility across issues and
adaptability over time along with an enhanced role for the Arctic Council both in conducting policy-relevant assessments and
in promoting synergy in interactions among the elements of the emerging Arctic regime complex. The emphasis throughout is
on maximizing the fit between the socioecological features of the Arctic and the character of the governance arrangements
needed to steer the Arctic toward a sustainable future. 相似文献
909.
910.
Global climate issues and a looming energy crisis put agriculture under pressure in Sub-Saharan Africa. Climate adaptation measures must entail sustainable development benefits, and growing crops for food as well as energy may be a solution, removing people from hunger and poverty without compromising the environment. The present study investigated the feasibility of using non-food parts of cassava for energy production and the promising results revealed that at least 28% of peels and stems comprise dry matter, and 10 g feedstock yields >8.5 g sugar, which in turn produced >60% ethanol, with pH ≈ 2.85, 74-84% light transmittance and a conductivity of 368 mV, indicating a potential use of cassava feedstock for ethanol production. Thus, harnessing cassava for food as well as ethanol production is deemed feasible. Such a system would, however, require supportive policies to acquire a balance between food security and fuel. 相似文献