复合人工湿地去除生活污水中的有机物和氮

为提高人工湿地对生活污水的处理能力,对传统的单一垂直流湿地进行改进和优化。采用2个垂直流人工湿地串联,并在好氧湿地内增加曝气供氧,使好氧湿地内溶解氧保持在2～2.5 mg/L范围内,而后增加出水回流。结果表明,增加曝气显著提高了出水的COD、NH3-N去除率,但TN去除效果仍不达标;当随着回流比的增加,NH3-N的去除率略有提高,而后趋于稳定,TN去除率提高显著,但回流比过大时,TN去除率则有所下降。     

湘江株洲段镉污染动态模拟与情景分析

本研究利用美国环境保护局(USEPA)推荐的WASP水质分析模拟软件,对湘江株洲段2009年的镉浓度进行动态模拟,并进行总量控制的情景分析。对水文条件变化和源强变化2种情景下的河道镉浓度进行了预测。结果表明,WASP模型能较好重现镉浓度的时间变化规律。情景分析表明,水文条件和源强条件对镉浓度的影响在霞湾和马家河断面较为明显,且在枯水月份表现得更为明显。     

Effect of pre-ozonation on optimized coagulation of a typical North-China source water

Although ozone is widely used as a pre-oxidant before coagulation in water treatment, the effect of pre-ozonation on optimized coagulation for removal of particle and natural organic matter (NOM) is still not fully understood. In this paper, pilot-scale investigation was conducted to examine the impact of pre-ozonation on coagulation for particle and NOM removal. Changes in the particle and NOM distributions were characterized by various methods, including laser light granularity system, particle counter, ultrafiltration, and resin absorbent fractionation. A novel composite flocculant–HPAC was compared with the traditional ferric chloride coagulant in terms of coagulation efficiency under the influence of pre-ozonation. Typical micro-polluted North China surface water was used for pilot coagulation tests. The results show that the effect of pre-ozonation on coagulation is associated with the dosage of ozone, coagulant type, and water contamination characteristics. For FeCl₃, pre-ozonation acts as a coagulation aid at low dosage (1.0 mg L⁻¹ O₃) for turbidity and UV₂₅₄ removal; while at higher dosage (2.0 mg L⁻¹ O₃), pre-ozonation is detrimental to UV₂₅₄ removal although it is still beneficial for turbidity removal. In the case of composite flocculant–HPAC, pre-ozonation demonstrates negligible influence on both turbidity and UV₂₅₄ removal. Ozone can simultaneously aggregate fine particles and break down large ones, making them more mineralized and easier to remove. NOM with intermediate molecular weight and hydrophobic neutral property increases at lower ozone dosage, favoring removal by coagulation. At higher ozone dosages, NOM becomes more hydrophilic and its molecular weight becomes smaller, decreasing NOM removal.     

四川甘孜达曲各目弄巴沟泥石流及其防治对策

各目弄巴沟为雅砻江支流达曲的一级支沟,该沟地处川西高山高原区,处于南水北调西线一期达曲工程区内,曾发生过严重的泥石流灾害,直接威胁公路、村庄、学校、小水电站、桥梁等的安全.该沟泥石流具有规模大,危害严重、冲淤强烈、容重大,固体物质粒径粗等特征.在分析了该沟泥石流的特征基础上,预测了泥石流灾害的发展趋势,并提出了泥石流减灾防灾对策.     

Effect of salinity and sediment characteristics on the sorption and desorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate at sediment-water interface

This study investigated the influence of solution salinity, pH and the sediment characteristics on the sorption and desorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). The results showed that the sorption of PFOS onto sediment increased by a factor of 3 as the CaCl₂ concentration increased from 0.005 to 0.5 mol L⁻¹ at pH 7.0, and nearly 6 at pH 8.0. Desorption hysteresis occurred over all salinity. The thermodynamic index of irreversibility (TII) values increased with increasing concentration of CaCl₂. Maximum irreversibility was found in the sorption systems with CaCl₂ in the concentration of 0.5 mol L⁻¹. The results suggested that PFOS can be largely removed from the water with increasing salinity, and get trapped onto sediments irreversibly. These phenomena could be explained by salting-out effect and Ca-bridging effect. Studies also suggested that the content of total organic carbon is the dominant psychochemical properties of sediment controlling the sorption of PFOS.     

富含活性氯与Al13水处理药剂对铜氰络合物去除效能

含重金属铜离子与氰离子（CN）的络合物广泛存在于电镀、冶金等工业废水中,是一种较难处理的污染物。富含活性氯和Al13聚合体的水处理药剂（PACC）兼具氧化和絮凝效能,在处理含重金属氰络合物（[Cu（CN）3]2-）废水方面具有良好的应用前景。研究PACC与[Cu（CN）3]2-的反应计量学、动力学,考察了pH、反应时间和投药量等影响因素,确定PACC的最佳工作参数。结果表明,PACC可同时实现对CN的氧化和对Cu2＋的絮凝,有效去除水中[cu（CN）3]2-使用PACC对[Cu（CN）3]2-的无害化处置过程分为2个阶段：CN-首先被氧化成氰酸根（OCN）;然后OCN-被进一步氧化并生成碳酸氢根和氮气,同时所释放的游离态铜离子被絮凝去除。这2个阶段反应的最佳pH分别为11和8,去除1tool[Cu（CN）3]2-的最佳投药量为9．35molCl2的PACC;在此条件下反应43min后,其出水中CN-和Cu2＋的浓度均达到排放标准（GB21900—2008）要求。     

金塘海峡海洋土动剪切模量与阻尼比特性研究∗

为探究金塘海峡各类海洋土的动剪切模量G与阻尼比λ特征,对金塘海峡四个钻孔不同埋深的各类原状海洋土进行了系列室内共振柱试验,试验结果表明:(1)各类海洋土均呈现出"低剪切模量,高阻尼比"的强非线性与滞后性特性;各类海洋土的最大动剪切模量G_(max)均随埋深的增加而增大,且粉质黏土、粉土、粉质黏土混粉砂、粉砂的G_(max)随埋深的增长速率依次减慢。(2)随着埋深的增加,各类海洋土的G/G_(max)―γ曲线移向右上侧,非线性特性减弱;相反,λ—γ曲线移向右下侧,土体的滞后性减弱。(3)给出了金塘海峡各类海洋土G/G_(max)―γ和λ—γ曲线随埋深变化的参数值。     

Exposure measurement, risk assessment and source identification for exposure of traffic assistants to particle-bound PAHs in Tianjin, China

To investigate the levels of exposure to particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH) and to estimate the risk these levels pose to traffic assistants(TAs) in Tianjin(a megacity in North China), a measurement campaign(33 all-day exposure samples, 25 occupational-exposure samples and 10 indoor samples) was conducted to characterize the TAs' exposure to PAHs, assess the cancer risk and identify the potential sources of exposure. The average total exposure concentration of 14 PAHs was approximately 2871 ± 928 ng/m3(on-duty), and 1622 ± 457 ng/m3(all-day). The indoor PAHs level was 1257 ± 107 ng/m3. After 8000 Monte Carlo simulations, the cancer risk resulting from exposure to PAHs was found to be approximately 1.05 × 10-4. A multivariate analysis was applied to identify the potential sources, and the results showed that, in addition to vehicle exhaust, coal combustion and cooking fumes were also another two important contributors to personal PAH exposure. The diagnostic ratios of PAH compounds agree with the source apportionment results derived from principal component analysis.     

磷钨酸光催化六氟苯脱氟的研究

选择六氟苯作为目标化合物,利用266 nm脉冲激光照射磷钨酸与六氟苯的混合溶液证实了光催化转化六氟苯的可行性.结果表明,氟离子生成率与光照时间、pH值、磷钨酸初始投加量和添加物的量有关.氟离子生成率随激光脉冲次数的增加而升高.在溶液pH=1.0的条件下,氟离子生成率最高.2.0×10^-4mol/L的六氟苯与5.0×10^-6mol/L的磷钨酸的混合溶液在接受脉冲激光后,氟离子生成率可达208.1%.外加的氧化剂O₂、KMnO₄、K₂S₂O₈可以有效氧化还原态的磷钨酸,实现整个光催化循环.溶液中存在的醇类及芳香族有机化合物不利于磷钨酸光催化转化六氟苯.     

济南大气臭氧浓度变化规律

利用近2a济南市区近地面大气O₃浓度的观测数据,分析了O₃浓度的分布特征及时间变化规律.结果表明,济南市区O₃浓度以1a为周期呈明显的波动变化特征,城市光化学污染较重;1d当中O₃浓度呈明显的单峰型变化,一般在午后达到最高值,而日出时分出现最低值;春季和夏季O₃浓度高于秋季和冬季,而夏季和秋季O₃浓度的日内变化幅度明显高于春季和冬季;受人们活动规律的影响,周末O₃浓度的日内变化规律与平日有所不同.