Seasonal variation and factors influencing perchlorate in water,snow, soil and corns in Northeastern China

Seasonal variation and influencing factors of perchlorate in snow, surface soil, rain, surface water, groundwater and corn were studied. Seven hundreds and seventy samples were collected in different periods in Harbin and its vicinity, China. Perchlorate concentrations were analyzed by ion chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry. Results indicate that fireworks and firecrackers display from the Spring Festival to the Lantern Festival (February 2, 2011–February 17, 2011) can result in the occurrence of perchlorate in surface soil and snow. Perchlorate distribution is affected by wind direction in winter. Melting snow which contained perchlorate can dissolve perchlorate in surface soil, and then perchlorate can percolate into groundwater so that perchlorate concentrations in groundwater increased in spring. Perchlorate concentrations in groundwater and surface water decrease after rainy season in summer. Groundwater samples collected in the floodplain areas of the Songhua River and the Ashi River contained higher perchlorate concentrations than that far away with the rivers. The corns have the ability to accumulate perchlorate.     

基于FLUENT的废线路板元器件脱焊数值模拟

带元器件的废线路板的手工拆解劳动繁重,在拆解中产生的有害气体损害工人的健康,拆解后的残留物污染环境,因此,废线路板的自动拆解就显得十分必要.针对废线路板上电子元器件自动拆解中焊点的熔焊问题,采用FLUENT计算机软件进行模拟研究,分析了导热介质、初始温度、流体速度对焊点加热熔化效率的影响.结果表明,焊点在初始温度为47...     

大气颗粒物暴露与健康效应研究进展

大气颗粒物一直是影响我国大多数城市空气质量的首要污染物,且呈现出与欧美不同的煤烟、机动车尾气以及开放源复合型污染并存的高浓度污染态势,已有研究发现颗粒物的短期或长期暴露均会对人体产生不良的健康效应。本文从环境科学、暴露科学、环境流行病学和环境毒理学研究等方面系统综述了大气颗粒物健康效应研究的方法和进展,可为我国的大气颗粒物健康效应研究与大气颗粒物环境质量标准的修订提供方法学参考和经验借鉴。目前我国PM10污染尚未得到有效控制,细颗粒物(PM2.5)的污染也已引起关注,建议在不同区域开展空气污染健康效应的系统研究。     

污染土壤直接热脱附燃烧器低氮优化设计及数值模拟

为解决直接热脱附设备二燃室燃烧器氮氧化物排放高的问题,利用热平衡计算方法建立其输入和输出能量平衡关系式,得到二燃室温度维持1 100 ℃时所需燃气量和助燃风量;同时,结合空气分级技术、燃料分级技术和部分预混燃烧技术对燃烧器进行优化设计,并对其燃烧情况进行了数值模拟计算。热平衡计算结果表明,维持二燃室燃烧温度1 100 ℃所需的燃气量和助燃风量分别为1 003和22 066 m³·h⁻¹。数值模拟结果表明,增加燃气预混喷口可显著强化燃气/空气混合,使燃烧更为迅速,可防止滞后的火焰冲刷壁面,也有助于分散火焰,避免局部高温。增加二级空气通道可降低空气的出口流速,防止出现脱火现象,且利于燃气径向扩散,避免火焰集中。以上2种方法均能有效降低氮氧化物排放量,且采用燃气部分预混后二燃室出口处一氧化碳浓度大幅降低。在同时采用燃气预混喷口和二级空气通道后,NO_x浓度稳定在45 mg·m⁻³左右,相比于现有燃烧器减少了85%。该研究结果可为直接热脱附设备二燃室燃烧器的低氮设计提供参考。     

泥石流梁式格栅坝泥砂粒径调节试验研究∗

梁式格栅坝是泥石流防治工程中一种常见的透过型拦砂坝,具有拦粗排细的独特功效。通过室内水槽模型试验,探究了梁式格栅坝对泥石流泥砂粒径的调节特性。研究表明,梁式格栅坝在试验工况下均表现出一定的粒径调节作用,但在不同条件下差异明显,对于水石难分的高容重泥石流难以达到较好的粒径调节效果。分析认为,透过型拦砂坝的粒径调节可能是其容重调节的原因,坝体拦截了大部分粗颗粒物质,使泥石流体的结构变化,导致泥石流浆体能悬浮和输移的最大颗粒粒径变小。其次,提出了一种可用于透过型拦砂坝泥砂粒径调节效率的评价方法,并对比分析了该方法与现有常用评价方法的优势与合理性;基于模拟试验结果,通过多元非线性拟合,得到了新评价方法下考虑泥石流性质、过坝前运动状态和坝体尺寸的影响因素的泥砂粒径调节效率计算公式,可为梁式格栅坝设计中粒径调节效率的预测评估提供参考。此外,试验发现,梁式格栅坝泥砂粒径调节效果还受其拦截泥石流时的闭塞表现的影响。     

污泥土地利用生态风险评价初探

生态风险评价是污泥环境风险评价的重要组成部分。本文通过对美国污泥土地利用生态风险评价的研究，阐述了污泥土地利用生态风险评价过程中涉及的基本概念和定量研究方法，并对存在的困难进行了探讨。文章建议我国应借鉴国外污泥土地利用生态风险评价的研究方法，尽快建立适合我国污泥处置的生态风险评价标准方法和指南，以发挥其在环境保护和管理中的作用。     

Contributions of root cell wall polysaccharides to Cu sequestration in castor (Ricinus communis L.) exposed to different Cu stresses

Cell wall polysaccharides play a vital role in binding with toxic metals such as copper(Cu)ions.However, it is still unclear whether the major binding site of Cu in the cell wall varies with different degrees of Cu stresses.Moreover, the contribution of each cell wall polysaccharide fraction to Cu sequestration with different degrees of Cu stresses also remains to be verified.The distribution of Cu in cell wall polysaccharide fractions of castor(Ricinus communis L.) root was investigated with various Cu concentrations in the hydroponic experiment.The results showed that the hemicellulose1(HC1) fraction fixed 44.9%–67.8% of the total cell wall Cu under Cu stress.In addition, the pectin fraction and hemicelluloses2(HC2) fraction also contributed to the Cu binding in root cell wall,accounting for 11.0%–25.9% and 14.1%–26.6% of the total cell wall Cu under Cu treatments, respectively.When the Cu levels were ≤ 25 μmol/L, pectin and HC2 contributed equally to Cu storage in root cell wall.However, when the Cu level was higher than 25 μmol/L, the ability of the pectin to bind Cu was easy to reach saturation.Much more Cu ions were bound on HC1 and HC2 fractions, and the HC2 played a much more important role in Cu binding than pectin.Combining fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) and twodimensional correlation analysis(2 D-COS) techniques, the hemicellulose components were showed not only to accumulate most of Cu in cell wall, but also respond fastest to Cu stress.     

冷冻固定化硝化菌去除废水中氨氮的研究

采用聚乙烯醇(PVA)循环冷冻法制备固定化硝化菌颗粒,经活化后在颗粒填充率为9％的三相流化床中进行氨氮废水处理试验。处理低浓度氨氮有机废水(NH3-N质量浓度为75mg／L．COD约为400mg／L,水力停留时间为4h)时,NH3-N去除率约为90％,COD、TIN的去除率可达82％和60％左右;处理高浓度氨氮废水(NH3-N质量浓度450～500mg／L,水力停留时间为20h)时,NH3-N去除率在98％以上,氨氧化产物中NO2^--N质量分数在95％以上,为亚硝酸盐反硝化提供了有利条件。用该法制成的硝化菌颗粒寿命在3个月以上。     

Hybrid microbial electrolytic/UV system for highly efficient organic pollutants removal

This study for the first time proposed an efficient microbial electrolyte/UV system for Methyl Orange decomposition. With an external applied voltage of 0.2 V and cathode aeration of20 mL/min, H_2O_2 could be in-situ generated from two-electron reduction of oxygen in cathode, reaching to 8.1 mg/L in 2 hr and continued to increase. The pollutant removal efficiency of approximate 94.7% was achieved at initial neutral pH, with the activation of ·OH in the presence of UV illumination. Although the nature of its guiding principles remain on the vista of practical exploration, this proof-of-concept study provides an alternative operation pattern of solar–microbial hybrid technology for future wastewater treatment from a basic but multidisciplinary view.