平原河网区河流连通性评价研究

河流连通性对流域水文过程特征、水环境条件以及河湖蓄泄能力等有较大影响。平原河网地区是河流高度发育并受到城市化等人类活动深刻影响的区域,并且区域内水系结构破坏、河流连通受阻已成为洪涝灾害频发的重要原因之一。为此通过对现有的河流连通评价方法的分析,尝试建立基于水流阻力与水文过程的平原河网河流连通性评价方法,并以鄞东南平原河网为例开展了应用分析,结果表明2010年的河流连通性比1990年的明显减小。同时,通过对比分析几种河流连通性评价方法可以看出,基于水流阻力与水文过程的河流连通性评价方法能较好的评价平原河网区河流连通性,评价结果优于其他方法计算结果,更符合实际情况,可为平原河网区河流连通性定量评价提供参考     

西安大气气相中的多环芳烃

利用PUF被动采样器于2008年8月—2009年7月采集了西安大气样品,研究了大气气相中多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量和季节分布特征。结果表明,西安大气气相中16种美国EPA优控的PAHs（Σ16PAHs）质量浓度为10.9-489.6 ng/m3（平均为143.4 ng/m3）,四季具有明显的季节差异,依次为夏季（62.5 ng/m3）〈春季（80.1 ng/m3）〈秋季（175.8 ng/m3）〈冬季（255.2 ng/m3）。气相中PAHs主要以3-4环为主,占总量的86.5%-94.1%。利用主成分分析法判断四季气相中PAHs的污染来源类型,主要为燃煤和机动车尾气及生物质燃烧的复合源。     

Windsor, Ontario exposure assessment study: design and methods validation of personal, indoor, and outdoor air pollution monitoring

The Windsor, Ontario Exposure Assessment Study evaluated the contribution of ambient air pollutants to personal and indoor exposures of adults and asthmatic children living in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. In addition, the role of personal, indoor, and outdoor air pollution exposures upon asthmatic children's respiratory health was assessed. Several active and passive sampling methods were applied, or adapted, for personal, indoor, and outdoor residential monitoring of nitrogen dioxide, volatile organic compounds, particulate matter (PM; PM-2.5 pm [PM2.5] and < or =10 microm [PM10] in aerodynamic diameter), elemental carbon, ultrafine particles, ozone, air exchange rates, allergens in settled dust, and particulate-associated metals. Participants completed five consecutive days of monitoring during the winter and summer of 2005 and 2006. During 2006, in addition to undertaking the air pollution measurements, asthmatic children completed respiratory health measurements (including peak flow meter tests and exhaled breath condensate) and tracked respiratory symptoms in a diary. Extensive quality assurance and quality control steps were implemented, including the collocation of instruments at the National Air Pollution Surveillance site operated by Environment Canada and at the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality site in Allen Park, Detroit, MI. During field sampling, duplicate and blank samples were also completed and these data are reported. In total, 50 adults and 51 asthmatic children were recruited to participate, resulting in 922 participant days of data. When comparing the methods used in the study with standard reference methods, field blanks were low and bias was acceptable, with most methods being within 20% of reference methods. Duplicates were typically within less than 10% of each other, indicating that study results can be used with confidence. This paper covers study design, recruitment, methodology, time activity diary, surveys, and quality assurance and control results for the different methods used.     

多相光催化反应器辐射能模型的建立与验证

采用双通量模型模拟了管式三相流化床光催化反应器中辐射能分布和局部体积能量吸收速率,并采用负载型TiO2/SiO2光催化剂进行了实验验证,考察了液相介质、通气量及催化剂浓度对光辐射强度和体积能量吸收速率的影响.实验结果表明,实验数据和模型计算值能够较好吻合,蒸馏水做液相介质时,可将气液鼓泡流看成单一的连续相,催化剂浓度越...     

重金属在碱渣层中的分布及形态研究

采用自制动态吸附柱考察了碱渣层对重金属离子(Cu2+、Zn2+和Cd2+)的吸附截留能力.实验结果表明,在高浓度和高水力负荷条件下,碱渣对Cu2+、Zn2+和Cd2+的最大吸附量分别可达194.451,24.245,11.036 mg/g,穿透时间均达 60 h 以上,饱和吸附时间超过 80 h.通过 Testier ...     

1953-2009年林西站气象要素变化分析

对林西气象站1953-2009年气温、风速、降水量月、季、年观测资料进行了统计,分析了近57年三个要素的年际变化和突变特征,为气象站的迁站资料评估提供参考依据。结果显示,该站近57年平均气温显著升高,平均风速明显减小,两个要素都有明显的突变特征。分析认为,这种变化特征除与区域气候变化的响应有关外,主要与该地城镇的发展及测站周边逐步出现较高建筑物的影响有关。     

三峡库区土壤重金属污染评价及其来源

三峡库区由于特殊的地理位置及生态脆弱性,其重金属污染状况备受关注。以三峡库区重庆段为研究区域,利用多目标调查数据,在分析土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Hg、Pb和Zn等8种重金属积累特征的基础上,运用多元统计分析、污染指数法、潜在生态风险评估法以及层次分析法与加权平均评价模型法等方法进行了重金属来源分析和污染评价。研究结果表明: 三峡库区重庆段表层土壤中8种重金属的平均含量顺序为：Cr（8145 mg·kg-1）>Zn（716 mg·kg-1）>Ni（3154 mg·kg-1）>Pb（2527 mg·kg-1）>Cu（2353 mg·kg-1）>As（739 mg·kg-1）>Cd（021 mg·kg-1）>Hg（006 mg·kg-1）;多元统计分析表明Cd和Cr含量主要受到人为活动的影响,Ni、Zn和Cu含量则主要受到区域地质背景的影响,Hg、Pb和As则受到两者的共同影响。各综合评价方法结果趋于一致,均表明大部分样品（>849%）的重金属污染水平属于清洁或轻度污染水平,只有少数样品（<151%）达到中度或重度污染水平,这些样品主要采集于巫山、涪陵、忠县境内。综合分析,认为忠县和涪陵境内土壤出现中度或重度重金属污染主要受其工业生产的影响,巫山境内则主要受到其成土母质的影响。研究结果可为三峡库区土地可持续利用和生态发展提供基础数据与理论依据     

太湖五里湖沿岸带浮游植物群落生态特征(2014~2015年)

2014年7月~2015年6月对五里湖浮游植物开展了逐月调查,以研究综合治理后五里湖沿岸带浮游植物群落变化特征。本次调查共检出浮游植物8门196种,绿藻门物种最多(74种),硅藻门次之(57种)。优势种共6门30种,其中2014年7、8、9、10月和2015年6月的第一优势种均为蓝藻门的小颤藻,其优势度范围为0.567~0.879。时间上,浮游植物密度和生物量的月均值变幅分别为1.07×106~2.18×108 ind./L,0.32~50.52 mg/L,其中由于蓝藻的大量增殖,夏和秋初密度、生物量极显著高于其他月份;空间上,A区浮游植物密度和生物量显著低于其余3个湖区。Pearson相关性分析表明,藻类密度、生物量和物种数与水体浊度(Tur)、pH和水温(WT)呈显著或极显著相关关系;RDA分析表明,WT、DO和Tur是与浮游植物群落结构相关性较强的环境因子(p<0.01),其中相关性最强的为WT(r=0.8982)。依据浮游植物物种数和生物多样性指数对水质的分析表明：五里湖沿岸带水体处于中度富营养化水平。     

淀山湖河蚬翘嘴红鲌国家级水产种质资源保护区翘嘴鲌产卵场现状

为了对淀山湖河蚬翘嘴红鲌国家级水产种质资源保护区翘嘴鲌禁渔期、禁渔区域的设定及种质资源保护提供参考资料。2016年5~8月,对此湖鱼卵和仔稚鱼的时空分布特征即产卵场及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究。调查表明：共采集到鱼卵 4 463 粒,仔稚鱼 43 012 尾,分属6目9科19属21种,采集到的鱼卵、仔稚鱼中翘嘴鲌C.alburnus个体数分别占比为4.16%、 3.98%。产卵初始时间为6月13日,捕获截止日期为8月17日。翘嘴鲌密度的相对比例在7月中下旬及8月初出现峰值。调查期间,产卵水温均在25.9℃ 以上,其中产卵盛期水温在29.3~34.3℃。翘嘴鲌产卵易发生在暴雨初晴的夜晚,水位上涨的过程,当水位达 2 m,其他条件适宜情况下大量产卵。翘嘴鲌产卵密度与水温、水位关系密切（P<0.01）。根据早期资源结果、人工鱼巢收集到的鱼卵和捕获处于排卵期的翘嘴鲌亲鱼,推断出保护区1号(千灯浦桥)水域、2号(梅浜)水域和7号(南生浜)水域为翘嘴鲌的产卵场。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission from co-firing municipal solid waste (MSW) and coal in a fluidized bed incinerator

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) emissions from a commercial municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) were studied. A MSW–coal mixture and coal only were used as fuel for the fluidized bed incinerator. Seven sampling points were chosen according to the classified four PAH emission pathways: flue gas, residue, ash and water. The mixture of MSW and coal resulted in PAH emission more than that of coal only, and PAH emission increased with increasing MSW mass percentage. Calcium oxide (CaO) or calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) was added as a desulfurizer. PAH emission also changed with different desulfurizers because of their different influences on heat balance. The PAH toxic equivalent (TEQ) of all operating conditions was also examined, showing that total daily PAH emission from MSWI can be determined.