新型膜-生物反应器在不同通量下的膜污染特性研究

选择适当的膜通量是膜-生物反应器控制膜污染的有效手段之一.本文根据膜通量与临界通量的关系选取了5个不同的膜通量,考察在这些通量条件下新型膜-生物反应器膜污染发展特性的变化.试验结果表明,膜通量的变化会影响膜污染的发展特性.当膜通量小于临界通量区时,膜污染发展具有"2阶段"趋势,并且膜通量越小"第1阶段"和"第2阶段"的膜污染发展速率对比越显著.当膜通量在临界通量区通量内时,首先出现短暂的膜污染快速增长期,随后膜污染发展仍呈现"2阶段"现象.当膜通量大于临界通量区通量时,膜操作压力(TMP)从开始运行即迅速上涨直至试验结束.     

中国南方某城市自来水厂处理工艺对多环芳烃的去除效果研究

讨论了中国南方某城市自来水厂饮用水中的多环芳烃残留规律以及现有净水工艺对多环芳烃的去除效果。研究结果表明,该自来水厂饮用水中检出多环芳烃以2~4环芳烃为主,强致癌性高环数多环芳烃均在检出限以下,且多环芳烃总量未超出中国供水行业标准(2000年)的相关限值。各处理工艺段中,砂滤过程对多环芳烃的去除效果最好,相较于原水对多环芳烃总量的去除率可达64%。     

多隔室厌氧折流板反应器(ABR) 的水力特性试验研究

对ABR反应器的水力流态进行了示踪剂试验,分析了特征截面面积对ABR水力特性的影响,采用停留时间分布(RTD)法研究了不同进水COD浓度和HRT条件下ABR反应器的水力特性,结果表明不同进水COD浓度时ABR反应器的RTD曲线相似,表明进水COD浓度不是影响ABR水力特性的主要因素;不同HRT条件下RTD曲线差异很大,表明HRT对ABR的水力特性影响较大,随着水力停留时间的延长,N值增大,1/Pe减小,ABR的流态趋于推流流态,随着HRT的缩短,N值减小,1/Pe数增大,ABR反应器趋于完全混合流态.     

TiO2/H2O2/UV和TiO2/O3/UV降解对氯苯甲酸和喹啉的试验研究

主要叙述TiO2/H2O2/UV和TiO2/O3/UV体系降解对氯苯甲酸（4-CBA）和喹啉的试验研究.研究表明,（1）在TiO2/H2O2/UV体系里目标物降解速度先随过氧化氢投加量的增加而提高,但超过一定浓度之后便开始下降;（2）在TiO2/O3/UV体系中,目标降解物的反应速度都非常快,且臭氧浓度高的时候降解速度更快;（3）二氧化钛催化剂在TiO2/O3/UV体系中作为积极因素有助于提高反应速率,而在TiO2/H2O2/UV体系是消极因素,会降低反应速率.     

生化法处理煤气废水

采用Ａ／Ｏ工艺处理煤气废水的研究结果表明,该工艺能同时去除煤气废水中的有机物和氨氮,在试验确定的条件下,该工艺对煤气废水中的ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率达９１．０％,ＢＯＤ５去除率达９９．１％,ＮＨ３－Ｎ去除率达９９．２％,ＴＮ去除率达９４．７％。     

青萍(Lemna minor L.)对氮磷的吸收特征

以西部地区优势浮萍品种青萍为实验对象,研究了青萍对不同浓度硝态氮和磷酸盐的吸收特征。结果表明,硝态氮浓度在1～10 mg/L范围内,青萍对硝态氮有较好的吸收效果,M-M方程可以较好地描述硝态氮浓度与青萍对硝态氮的吸收速率之间的关系,通过M-M方程拟合得到青萍对硝态氮的最大吸收速率为0.1167 mg/(g FW.h),亲和力常数为6.9274。磷酸盐浓度在0.1～1.0 mg/L范围内,青萍对磷酸盐也有较好的吸收效果,二次多项式回归可以较好地描述青萍吸收速率与磷酸盐浓度的关系,回归方程得到青萍对磷酸盐的最大吸收速率为0.0193 mg/(g FW.h),对应磷酸盐浓度为0.6 mg/L。     

改进的硫酸盐-聚乙烯醇法包埋藻菌脱氮除磷研究

采用改进的硫酸盐-PVA固定化法将藻与菌混合固定。在三种不同藻菌比的情况下，固定化系统对氮去除均可达100％，但是去除速度与固定的细菌量有关，细菌量越大，对氮的去除速度越快；对磷的去除随实验进行，最大去除率逐步下降，其下降速度与固定藻的量有关，藻量越大，下降速度越慢。由此说明脱氮的主要贡献者是细菌，而藻对除磷起了主要作用。为达到有效的脱氮除磷，应适当提高固定化藻的浓度，藻菌比应大于2：1。透射电镜照片显示，在聚乙烯醇载体上，藻类的生长没有受到限制。     

Survey of heavy metal pollution and assessment of agricultural soil in Yangzhong district, Jiangsu Province, China

We investigated concentrations of Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, As, Ni, and Cr in samples of soil, cereal, and vegetables from Yangzhong district, China. Compared to subsoils, the sampled topsoils are enriched in Hg, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As. High levels of Cd and Hg are observed in most agricultural soils. Concentrations of Cr and Ni show little spatial variation, and high Cu, Pb, and Zn contents correspond well to areas of urban development. High As contents are primarily recorded at the two ends of the sampled alluvion. The contents of Cd, Hg, and total organic carbon (TOC) increase gradually to maximum values in the upper parts of soil profiles, while Cr and Ni occur in low concentrations within sampled profiles. As, Pb, Cu, and Zn show patterns of slight enrichment within the surface layer. Compared to data obtained in 1990, Cd and Hg show increased concentrations in 2005; this is attributed to the long-term use of agrochemicals. Cr and Ni contents remained steady over this interval because they are derived from the weathering of parent material and subsequent pedogenesis. The measured As, Cu, Pb, and Zn contents show slight increases over time due to atmospheric deposition of material sourced from urban anthropogenic activity. Low concentrations of heavy metals are recorded in vegetables and cereals because the subalkaline environment of the soil limits their mobility. Although the heavy metal concentrations measured in this study do not pose a serious health risk, they do affect the quality of agricultural products.     

Response of microcystis to copper stress: do phenotypes of microcystis make a difference in stress tolerance?

To elucidate the role of phenotype in stress-tolerant bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis, two phenotypes of M. aeruginosa - unicellular and colonial strains were selected to investigate how they responded to copper stress. Flow cytometry (FCM) examination indicated that the percents of viable cells in unicellular and colonial Microcystis were 1.92-2.83% and 72.3-97.51%, respectively, under 0.25 mgl(-1) copper sulfate treatment for 24h. Upon exposure to 0.25 mgl(-1) copper sulfate, the activities of antioxidative enzyme, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), were significantly increased in colonial Microcystis compared to unicellular Microcystis. Meanwhile, the values of the photosynthetic parameters (F(v)/F(m), ETR(max), and oxygen evolution rate) decreased more rapidly in unicellular Microcystis than in colonial Microcystis. The results indicate that colonial Microcystis has a higher endurance to copper than unicellular Microcystis. This suggests that the efficient treatment concentration of copper sulfate as algaecides will be dependent on the phenotypes of Microcystis.     

Investigation of a new approach to decompose two potent greenhouse gases: photoreduction of SF(6) and SF(5)CF(3) in the presence of acetone

In this paper, we addressed the utilization of photochemical method as an innovative technology for the destruction and removal of two potent greenhouse gases, SF(6) and SF(5)CF(3). The destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) of the process was determined as a function of excitation wavelength, irradiation time, initial ratio of acetone to SF(5)X (X represented F or CF(3)), initial SF(5)X concentration, additive oxygen and water vapor concentration. A complete removal was achieved by a radiation period of 55min and 120min for SF(6)-CH(3)COCH(3) system and SF(5)CF(3)-CH(3)COCH(3) system respectively under 184.9nm irradiation. Extra addition of water vapor can enhance DRE by approximately 6% points in both systems. Further studies with GC/MS and FT-IR proved that no hazardous products such as S(2)F(10), SO(2)F(2), SOF(2), SOF(4) were generated in this process.