Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of Kaohsiung Harbour and adjacent coast, Taiwan

Surficial sediment samples collected from Kaohsiung Harbour and its nearby coast were analyzed for aliphatic hydrocarbons and parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). According to our results, the average total concentrations of n-alkanes (n-C₁₂ to C₃₅) and aromatics (15 PAHs) were 4.33 µg g^–1 dry weight (ranged 0.46–22.60) and 0.59 µg g^–1 dry weight (ranged 0.09–1.75), respectively. The highest concentrations of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were recorded in stations near the estuaries of Qianzhen River and Love River, respectively. Aliphatic hydrocarbons in the samples indicate that there has been significant non-petrogenic, possibly terrestrial, contribution in the sediment of the open coast of Kaohsiung Harbour and that there has been dominant contribution from petrogenic sources in the sediment of the inner harbour. PAHs, detected in the samples, however, indicated a higher pyrolytic contribution in open-coast samples and a higher petrogenic contribution in the inner harbour. Overall, sediment concentrations of total alkanes in this study were comparable to those found in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong and are higher than those found in Xiamen Harbour, China. Concentrations of total PAHs in inner Kaohsiung Harbour sediments were relatively lower than those found in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong and Xiamen Harbour, China, but comparable to those found in Hsin-ta Harbour, Taiwan and Incheon Harbour, Korea. In comparison with several effect-based sediment quality guidelines, most PAH concentrations found in samples taken from inner harbour stations exceeded the Threshold Effect Level of Florida indicating a slight possibility of adverse effects.     

LIDAR Measurements of the Vertical Aerosol Profile and Optical Depth during the ACE-Asia 2001 IOP, at Gosan, Jeju Island, Korea

In order to investigate the characteristic of optical properties of Asian dust particles, the atmospheric aerosol vertical profile was measured with the multi-wavelength LIDAR system, at the Gosan super site (33 degrees 17'N, 126 degrees 10'E) in Jeju Island, Korea, during the ACE-Asia intensive observation period, 11 March-4 May 2001. An air mass backward trajectory analysis, using Hysplit-4, was carried out to track the aerosol plume, with high mass loading, from the Chinese desert regions during the period of Asian dust storm events. Vertical atmospheric aerosol profiles on three major Asian dust storm event days, 22 March and 13 and 26 April 2001, have been analyzed. The LIDAR-derived aerosol optical depth values were compared with those measured by a collocated sunphotometer.     

Aerosol Optical and Radiative Properties Observed at Anmyeon and Jeju, Korea in the Spring of 2000 and 2001

The radiative properties of atmospheric aerosols are determined by their masses, chemical characteristics, and optical properties, such as aerosol optical depth (AOD), Åstrom;ngström parameter (α) and single scattering albedo (SSA). In particular, the aerosol optical properties determine the surface temperature perturbation that may give some information in understanding regional atmospheric radiative forcing. To understand the radiative forcing and regional source of an aerosol, the present study focused on the analysis of the aerosol optical properties based on two different observations in the spring season, during the special Asian dust storm period. The Korean Global Atmosphere Watch Observatory (KGAWO), at Anmyeon Island, and the ACE-Asia super-site, at Gosan, Jeju Island, have measured radiations and aerosols since 2000. The sites are located in the mid-west and south of the Korean peninsula, which are strongly affected by the Asian dust coming from China every spring. The aerosol optical properties, measured by ground-based sun and sky radiometers, over both sites were analyzed to gain an understanding of the radiation and climate properties.The probability distributions of the aerosol optical depths were rather narrow, with a modal value of approximately 0.38 at both sites during 2001 and 2002. The Ångström parameter frequency distributions showed two peaks at Anmyeon GAW, but only one peak at the Jeju ACE-Asia super site. One peak, around 0.63, characterizes the situation of a day having Asian dust, the second peak, around 1.13, corresponded to the relatively dust-free cases. The correlation between the aerosol optical depth and the Ångström exponents resulted in a wide range of the Ångström parameter, α, over a wide range of optical depths at Anmyeon, whereas a narrow range of α, with moderate to low values for the AOD at Jeju. Under dust free conditions the single scattering albedo (SSA) decreased with wavelength, while in the presence of Asian dust,the SSA either stayed neutral, or increased slightly with wavelength at Anmyeon, and showed higher value than Jeju. The change in the surface temperature was highly correlated with increases in the aerosol optical depth at Anmyeon to a greater extent than at Jeju.     

Utility of dynamics as indicators of stress in population models

The relationships between the dynamics of environmentally and chemically stressed populations and indicators of the effects of the stressor are explored in a model framework. The physiologically structured population, represented by a system of McKendrick–von Foerster hyperbolic partial differential equations, includes the dynamics of numerous individuals distinguished by ecotype. Chemical uptake of nonpolar narcotics is modeled by first order kinetics. Classical methodologies, frequency analysis and phase space reconstruction, are explored in a search for indicators of magnitude of stress. When these techniques proved generally unsuccessful for the objective of indicator selection in our model setting, summary statistics, as related to bifurcation diagrams, were constructed and appear more useful as indicators. It is concluded that physiological structures generally lead to more feasible measurable indicators of magnitude of stress than do specifics of population dynamics.     

Application of multimedia exposure assessment to drinking water

A potentially important exposure route for humans is the ingestion of chemicals via drinking water. If comprehensive exposure assessments are to be completed for either existing or proposed new chemicals and cost effective control strategies developed, then a quantitative understanding of multimedia transport and fate of specific chemical pollutants must be achieved. Mathematical models provide a powerful framework into which quantitative relationships may be placed to provide guidance in reaching water quality goals. Existing, state-of-the-art media-specific toxic organic transport and fate models for atmospheric (DiDOT), land surface (NPS) and surface water processes (EXAMS) and potable water treatment (WTP) have been linked to demonstrate the technical feasibility of such an approach. Limited application and sensitivity testing of this linked modeling system has shown that the impact of various source loadings and control strategies on drinking water quality can be estimated.     

Removal of high concentrated ammonia nitrogen from landfill leachate by landfilled waste layer

The landfill of municipal solid waste(MSW) could be regarded as denitrification reactor and involved in ammonia nitrogen biological removal process. In this research, the process was applied to municipal solid waste collected in Shanghai, China, which was characterized by high food waste content. The NH4^ removal efficiency in the system of SBR nitrifying reactor followed by fresh and matured landfilled waste layer in series was studied. In the nitrifying reactor, above 90% of NH4^ in leachate was oxidized to NO2^- and NO3^- . Then high concentrated NO2^- and NO3^- were removed in the way of denitrification process in fresh landfilled waste layer. At the same time, degradation of fresh landfilled waste was accelerated. Up to the day 120, 136.5 gC/(kg dry waste) and 17.9 gN/(kg dry waste) were converted from waste layer. It accounted for 50.15 % and 86.89 % of the total carbon and nitrogen content of preliminary fresh waste, which was 4.42 times and 5.17 times higher than that of reference column respectively. After filtering through matured landfilled waste, BOD5 concentration in leachate dropped to below 100 mg/L, which would not affect following nitrification adversely. Because the matured landfilled waste acted as a well methanogenic reactor, 23% of carbon produced accumulatively from fresh landfilled waste degradation was converted into CH4.     

污泥综合处理技术系统的可行性分析

通过对污泥处理技术现状与污泥组成的分析，认为降低污泥的含水率是改善污泥可处理性的关键。以机械脱水加工热干燥过程可达到充分降低污泥含水率的目的。以此为主干所形成的污泥综合处理系统经能量与经济平衡分析，发现其能量输出大于输入，经济成本合理，有一定的技术经济可行性。     

广州市实施二氧化硫排污权交易研究

在排污权交易的理论基础上,借鉴美国二氧化硫排放权交易的政策和方法,设计了一套广州市实施二氧化硫排污权交易的框架,旨在为广州市控制削减二氧化硫排放提供一种基于市场的环境管理手段.     

颗粒物质金属形态逐级提取技术问题的探讨

本文综述了国内外对颗粒物质中金属形态逐级提取测定技术方面的研究情况，重点阐述了颗粒物质金属形态分离方法，并对各相态的浸取技术和金属总量提取方法进行了讨论．从而为开展颗粒物质的金属化学形态的分析和研究，提出几点认识．     

厌氧-混凝工艺处理造纸厂终端废水试验研究

本文报告了用厌氧 -混凝工艺处理造纸厂终端废水的实验情况 ,在最佳实验条件下 ,废水从CODcr80 6 . 7m g/ L、BOD52 10 . 5 m g/ L、SS2 15 . 7m g/ L、OD4 650 . 35 0降至 CODcr6 1. 5 m g/ L、BOD52 7. 4m g/ L、SS17.3mg/ L、OD4 650 .0 11。实验结果表明对造纸厂终端废水的治理 ,本工艺是很有实用价值的一种方法