全氟化合物污染现状及风险评估的研究进展

全氟化合物(polyfluorinated compounds,PFCs)是近年来受到广泛关注的一类新型持久性有机污染物。PFCs因具有优良的化学稳定性、耐热性以及高表面活性,而被广泛应用于生活消费和工业生产等领域。PFCs具有难降解、生物富集和长距离迁移等特点,已在大气、土壤和水体等环境介质及生物体中检出。在生态环境中,PFCs能够通过食物链不断传递放大,其具有的多种毒性效应已对生态系统和人类造成了一定的威胁。本文主要综述了PFCs在各类环境介质的污染现状、生物的毒性效应、人类摄入健康风险评估以及PFCs的降解研究,以期为未来PFCs的研究提供参考。     

Prolonged persulfate activation by UV irradiation of green rust for the degradation of organic pollutants

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Metal-activated persulfate is an efficient reagent for the oxidative degradation of organic contaminants. However, homogenous catalytic activation of persulfate...     

江苏省土地后备资源持续利用研究

本文从土地可持续利用的要求出发,分析了江苏省土地后备资源的数量、分布特征和成因,提出了土地后备资源持续利用的对策     

长江上游重点流域土地利用变化过程对比研究

在分析了目前广泛使用的土地利用动态度模型存在的不足的基础上,提出了转出速度、转入速度、综合动态度、状态指数模型,并指出只有综合运用这些模型才能全面的描述单一土地利用类型的动态变化情况.在遥感和GIS技术的支持下,以上世纪50年代中期1∶5万地形图、1972年MSS图像、1986年和2000年TM图像为信息源,分1955-1972年、1972-1986年和1986-2000年三个时段,运用所建立的数学模型定量研究了自上世纪50年代中期以来长江上游两个重点流域(岷江上游和嘉陵江中下游)土地利用/覆被变化过程. 结果表明,近50年间的三个时段内岷江上游(前者)和嘉陵江中下游地区(后者)土地利用结构均发生了明显变化.岷江上游林地面积持续减少,减幅分别为2.18%、2.43%和0.60%,目前该区毁林现象得到明显遏制.嘉陵江中下游林地面积变化呈现减-减-增的态势,变化幅度分别为-6.90%、-0.15%和3.30%,"天然林保护"和"退耕还林还草"工程在该流域已初见成效.前者草地面积持续增加,增幅分别为2.16%、2.13%和0.54%;后者草地面积呈现出增-减-减的态势,变化幅度分别为16.89%、-8.27%、-3.70%.前者耕地面积呈现减-增-增的状态,变幅分别为-1.41%、1.67%和0.77%;后者则呈现增-增-减的态势,变幅分别为0.67%、0.88%和-1.21%;两流域建设用地面积均持续增加,前者三个时段增幅分别为1.85%、1.02%和10.34%,后者则为7.27%、5.16%和32.89%,后者三个时段建设用地增幅均远高于岷江上游.最后作者对长江上游生态环境的恢复与重建提出了相应的建议.     

Anaerobic treatment of fresh leachate from a municipal solid waste incinerator by upflow blanket filter reactor

This paper describes the feasibility of fresh leachate treatment by an upflow blanket filter (UBF). Through dilution and partial effluent recycling, the organic loading rates increased from 0.51 to 14.56 kg COD/(m³·d), meanwhile the corresponding hydraulic retention time decreased from 9.0 to 3.6 d. The reactor was able to achieve steady-state within 80 d. Based on the distribution of COD fluxes in the process, it was concluded that anabolism was the main pathway of COD removal in the initial phase (1–33 d), accounting for 57%–85% of total COD removed. As the anaerobic consortium of bacteria reached steady-state (after 70–86 d), the majority of COD removed was transformed into methane, because the specific methane yield was close to the theoretical value (0.36 L CH₄/(g COD_deg)).     

机场大气污染研究现状综述

经济的发展驱动着航空业的进步,同时带来了机场大气污染问题。概述了机场大气污染的危害、基本原理,认为飞机排放是大气温室效应的直接污染源。进而对国内外典型的机场大气排放评估模型进行对比分析,并分析研究了飞机尾气污染防治措施。     

上盖一体化地铁车站结构非线性地震响应分析∗

基于 ABAQUS 软件建立了地下地铁车站?土?上盖建筑一体化结构大型三维有限元数值模型,计算分析了上盖一体化地铁车站结构的地震响应规律和破坏机理,探讨了上盖一体化地铁车站结构与单体车站结构地震响应的差异。结果表明：地铁上盖一体化结构体系各阶自振频率与自由场地较为接近,地铁上盖结构的存在对场地动力特性的影响较小;强震作用下,一体化地铁车站结构的损伤破坏区域主要是车站各层楼板和墙柱的交接位置,尤其是中柱和侧墙顶底部的损伤最为严重;单体车站与上盖一体化地铁车站结构地震响应规律存在一定差异,上盖一体化地铁车站结构的地震反应略小,其中,上盖地铁车站结构的地震响应同时受上盖结构和周围土体介质的影响, 上盖结构对上盖地铁一体化区域的影响显著,周围土体对上盖地铁非一体化区域的影响显著。     

十溴联苯醚(BDE 209)孕哺期及出生后暴露对子代小鼠血液系统影响初探

本研究旨在探讨BDE 209长期暴露对出生后不同发育阶段子鼠血液系统的影响。将75只雌性昆明小鼠随机分为对照组、低剂量组(1.5 mg·kg-1·d-1)和高剂量组(225 mg·kg-1·d-1)。BDE 209暴露10 d后,将雌鼠与雄鼠合笼。选取怀孕时间相近(相差不过2 d)的10只孕鼠持续染毒直至自然分娩。出生后子鼠在哺乳期通过母乳染毒,断乳后则按照与母鼠相同的方式进行染毒,并在不同时间点进行外周血常规、外周血形态学、骨髓细胞形态学、骨髓细胞染色体组型和数目分析。血常规结果显示,低、高剂量BDE 209暴露对出生后不同发育阶段子鼠的白细胞计数没有影响,即白细胞、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞及单核细胞的数量均无显著变化(P0.05);红细胞系统检查显示一定性别差异,即低剂量和高剂量BDE 209染毒的雄性小鼠在PND30出现红细胞(RBC)(P0.05)、血红蛋白(Hb)(P0.05或P0.01)及红细胞压积(P0.05或P0.01)的显著降低;而雌性小鼠只在PND 30出现红细胞压积的降低(P0.05);在PND 30,高剂量暴露组的雌性及雄性小鼠,低剂量暴露组的雌性小鼠均出现血小板计数的显著降低(P0.05或P0.01);而PND 60、PND 90的实验组血小板均未观察到显著改变(P0.05)。外周血形态学检查表明,低剂量组在PND 30、PND 60,及高剂量组在PND 90检测到典型异常结果多表现为白细胞数的增多。而低剂量组在PND 90检测到的典型异常结果多表现为异型深染淋巴细胞(P0.05)。骨髓形态学检测表明,低剂量组子代雄性及雌性小鼠在PND 60、PND 90骨髓涂片可检测到骨髓细胞的异常结果,表现为骨髓增生活跃,高剂量组雄性小鼠在PND 90观察到3例异常涂片,表现为骨髓增生异常(P0.05)。研究结果表明,BDE 209长期暴露可能导致出生子代外周血和骨髓的毒性,提示具有血液系统发育毒性。     

Ecological Survey of Coastal I Water Adjacent to Nuclear Power I Plants in Taiwan

A total of six nuclear reactors installed in three power plants, two along the northern and one along the southern coasts of Taiwan, started their operations one after another since October 1977. Owing to the large quantities of cooling water intake into and discharge from the plants, some environmental factors such as water temperature, chlorine, environmental radioactivity and nearshore currents may be significantly changed. Variations of these abiotic environmental factors may influence the biological activities in the ecosystem, particularly doing some kinds of damage to marine biological resources. Therefore, the possible environmental impact upon the biological systems including the fishery resources along the northern and southern coasts of Taiwan should be studied before and during the plant operation.

We have started the long-term programmes of biological, chemical and hydro-graphical surveys of the nuclear power plant sites on both northern (since July 1974) and southern (since July 1979) coasts of Taiwan. the survey items include ocean currents, physical and chemical properties of sea water, primary productivity, specific compositions and interspecific relationships among phyto- and zooplankton, algae, invertebrates, corals, and fishes; and radionuclides in water and biological specimens, and fishery statistics. in general, except for a few events, the operations of the six units of nuclear power plants have not produced detectable effects on the marine ecosystem. Radio activity levels and radionuclides in water and the biological specimens remained the same as background levels throughout the survey period. However, the events of coral bleaching and fish body anomalies caused by thermal discharges were observed respectively along the outlets of third and second Nuclear Power Plants. the purposes of this paper are to report and evaluate these two events during the operations of nuclear power plants in Taiwan.     

Runoff water management technologies for dryland agriculture on the Loess

SUMMARY

Arid and semi-arid environments undergo periodic seasonal agricultural droughts of varying extents and duration, erratic and ineffective rainfall of high intensity and short duration, with high surface runoff. High efficiency water-harvesting agriculture has been routinely used in the Loess Plateau agricultural production of China over the past 10 years. Localized habitat effect and regional water resource enrichment are the theoretical basis of high efficient water-harvesting agriculture. Features of this agricultural system are described, including: water harvesting of surface runoff from roads and collection in concrete yards on plastic sheets; water storage cellar tanks for harvesting runoff to provide life-saving/critical irrigation, with devices for water lifting and conveying such as hand pumps and pipelines; feasible methods of water use for limited supplies such as drip, hole, subsoil, and super-sheet irrigation; agronomic measures of high water use efficiency; and field micro-catchment for water harvesting and conservation to increase fallow efficiency in rainy seasons. Using the stored runoff water to irrigate the mulched winter wheat and spring corn, as well as vegetables and fruit trees, significant yield increasing and water use efficiency improvements have been achieved. Plastic mulching for increasing fallow efficiency in rainy seasons and improving yield of the next winter wheat crop have been developed and demonstrated. These techniques have provided obvious benefits in terms of soil and water conservation on slope farmland in the hill regions and remarkable effects of storing water and reducing drought in the dryland farming regions have been obtained.