大气中碳氢化合物来源的分析研究

1989年秋至1990年春夏季,对北京城郊大气进行了非甲烷总烃(NMHC)及C2—C11分类测定。测点以交通路口为主,对汽车尾气排放情况作了重点研究,观测了典型路口西单安全岛空气中NMHC等浓度日变化;分析了这些路口空气中总烷烃(甲烷除外)与总烯烃等比值(Alkane/Alkene),并与某些固定源及郊区清洁点的比值进行了比较。一般而言,北京环境大气中Alkane约占NHHC60％,与世界主要大城市相当;Alkene约占21％,略高;总芳香烃(Alkyne)约占19％,比上述城市都低。      

稳态法确定酸沉降临界负荷的基本理论探讨

明确了确定酸沉降界负荷理论的基本概念,通过建立生态系统在临界状态时淋溶液中碱度产生的静态质量平衡得到计算到沉降临界负荷的基本方程,由此方程又导出计算酸度,潜在酸度,硫和氮等临界负荷的数学表达式,并讨论了根据对选择对指示生物有机体不发生危害的临界化学值计算了淋溶临界碱度的方法,由此给稳态法建立了完整系统的理论体系。     

Linking microbial community composition to farming pattern in selenium-enriched region: Potential role of microorganisms on Se geochemistry

Selenium（Se） is an essential micronutrient for lives. Indigenous microbial communities play an important role on Se geochemistry in soils. In this study, the microbial community composition and functions of 53 soil samples were investigated using high-throughput sequencing. Samples were divided into 3 groups with different farming types based on the measured geochemical parameters and microbial functional structures. Results indicated that putative Se related bacteria Bacillus, Dyella, Paenibaci...     

基于机器视觉的鱼类模式生物在线监测技术方法研究

水污染的防治问题是我国关注的重中之重,现有理化监测方法的实时性和综合性较差,特别是对于一些极端可变化的环境,更需要新的方法以辅助和解决。生物式水质监测方法被提出,通过利用生物对环境污染或变化所产生的反应来直接或间接体现水质的污染情况。然而,观测指标与量化标准是面临的一大难题。文章利用机器视觉的方法,以青鳉鱼为模式生物,并以青鳉鱼的生理特征以及运动特征(呼吸频率、胸鳍摆动频率、摆尾频率)为观测指标,两方面综合评定青鳉鱼应激状态,实时监测与分析。实验结果表明该方法能为生物式水质监测和预警的发展提供一定支持与参考。测得青鳉鱼呼吸频率为3.06 Hz,胸鳍摆动频率为4.83 Hz,尾鳍摆动频率为5.08 Hz,结果与实际指标一致。     

磷酸三苯酯对斑马鱼早期生命阶段的神经毒性研究

磷酸三苯酯(triphenyl phosphate,TPP)作为多溴联苯醚类阻燃剂的替代产品,是一类生产和需求量均相当高的有机磷酸酯类阻燃剂,目前已在多种环境介质以及生物体内均有不同程度检出。由于结构和有机磷农药具有相似性,其对生物的神经毒性值得关注。本研究以斑马鱼为实验动物,研究了TPP(5~625%g·L-1)的胚胎发育毒性和行为毒性,并通过检测乙酰胆碱酯酶活性以及神经系统相关基因的转录水平,探讨其可能的毒性机制。研究发现,TPP可导致斑马鱼胚胎孵化时间延长,体长变短,心率变慢。同时,TPP暴露也可以影响斑马鱼幼鱼在持续光照和明暗周期刺激下的游泳行为,表现为低浓度增加而高浓度降低其游泳速度。而TPP暴露后幼鱼乙酰胆碱酯酶活性以及神经发育相关基因转录水平的变化可能是导致其行为毒性的原因。虽然实验中所设定的暴露浓度高于环境中一般浓度,但TPP在短期暴露中所表现出的胚胎和神经发育毒性表明TPP对于水生生物可能存在一定风险,需要进一步研究加以确认。     

Screening the emission sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in China by multi-effects evaluation

We develop a multi-effect evaluation method to assess integrated impact of VOCs. Enable policy-makers to identify important emission sources, regions, and key species. Solvent usage and industrial process are the most important anthropogenic sources. Styrene, toluene, ethylene, benzene, and m/p-xylene are key species to be cut. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play important roles in the atmosphere via three main pathways: photochemical ozone formation, secondary organic aerosol production, and direct toxicity to humans. Few studies have integrated these effects to prioritize control measures for VOCs sources. In this study, we developed a multi-effects evaluation methodology based on updated emission inventories and source profiles, by combining the ozone formation potential (OFP), secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP), and VOC toxicity data. We derived species-specific emission inventories for 152 sources. The OFPs, SOAPs, and toxicity of each source were estimated, the contribution and sharing of source to each of these adverse effects were calculated. Weightings were given to the three adverse effects by expert scoring, and then the integrated effect was determined. Taking 2012 as the base year, solvent use and industrial process were found to be the most important anthropogenic sources, accounting for 24.2% and 23.1% of the integrated effect, respectively, followed by biomass burning, transportation, and fossil fuel combustion, each had a similar contribution ranging from 16.7% to 18.6%. The top five industrial sources, including plastic products, rubber products, chemical fiber products, the chemical industry, and oil refining, accounted for nearly 70.0% of industrial emissions. Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Guangdong were the five provinces contributing the largest integrated effects. For the VOC species from emissions showed the largest contributions were styrene, toluene, ethylene, benzene, and m/p-xylene.     

Air quality improvement in Los Angeles—perspectives for developing cities

Air quality improvement in Los Angeles can inform air quality policies in developing cities. Emission control efforts, their results, costs and health benefits are briefly summarized. Today's developing cities face new challenges including regional pollution. Air quality issues in Beijing are briefly compared and contrasted with Los Angeles. Opportunities for co-benefits for climate and air quality improvement are identified. Air quality improvement in Los Angeles, California is reviewed with an emphasis on aspects that may inform air quality policy formulation in developing cities. In the mid-twentieth century the air quality in Los Angeles was degraded to an extent comparable to the worst found in developing cities today; ozone exceeded 600 ppb and annual average particulate matter <10 mm reached ~150 mg·m⁻³. Today's air quality is much better due to very effective emission controls; e.g., modern automobiles emit about 1% of the hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emitted by vehicles of 50 years ago. An overview is given of the emission control efforts in Los Angeles and their impact on ambient concentrations of primary and secondary pollutants; the costs and health benefits of these controls are briefly summarized. Today's developing cities have new challenges that are discussed: the effects of regional pollution transport are much greater in countries with very high population densities; often very large current populations must be supplied with goods and services even while economic development and air quality concerns are addressed; and many of currently developing cities are located in or close to the tropics where photochemical processing of pollution is expected to be more rapid than at higher latitudes. The air quality issues of Beijing are briefly compared and contrasted with those of Los Angeles, and the opportunities for co-benefits for climate and air quality improvement are pointed out.     

基于超阈值取样的中国不同重现期降雨强度空间分异特征及强降雨变化模态(1961～2016年)

不同重现期下的降雨强度对于城市防洪减灾具有重要科学和现实意义。利用中国1961~2016年的535个日值降水站点数据,采用日降雨量的90%、95%和99%分位数阈值,对比分析不同超阈值取样下的中国不同重现期降雨强度空间分异特征和强降雨变化模态。结果表明：（1）3种分位数降雨阈值均呈东高-西低的空间分异特征。相比绝对阈值,日降雨量的95%和99%分位数阈值用于研究大雨和暴雨是相对合理的。（2）3种超阈值样本下的中国不同年遇型降雨强度受区域气候环境和地形条件影响,其空间演变特征具有相似性,均呈现出从东部沿海向西和向北扩张的趋势,但相同年遇型下的降雨强度空间格局在3种超阈值取样方法下差异较大。（3）EOF分析即经验正交函数分解表明在绝对阈值和相对阈值取样下的中国强降雨变化模态具有一致性,前三模态方差解释率可以达到54%以上,且第一、二和三模态的方差解释率均超过10%,分别达到约30%、14%和11%,均表征了中国年际强降雨量的不同变化规律特征,具有明显的气候物理意义。     

A survey of municipal solid waste landfills in Beijing during 2009–2011

The investigation of municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment in China is rare due to its sensitivity and difficulty in terms of access. We chose Beijing, the capital of China, as an example to identify the characteristics of MSW landfill treatments using a 2-month investigation with 20 participants. MSW landfill treatments account for nearly 70% of the annual MSW disposal in Beijing; the landfill processes are equipped with many kinds of technologies and consume a large amount of energy and produce a variety of contaminants. The cover method (the most obvious difference in landfill tamping) mainly includes high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes with loess and soil alone (i.e., loess or sandy soil). We investigated the actual conditions of landfills and collected data on leachate and landfill gas (LFG) emissions and energy consumption during 2009–2011. The results indicated that the cover method employed by landfills was related to treatment quantity, operation, and especially landfill location. Early large-scale landfills located in plains were covered with HDPE geomembranes, and newly built landfills covered with soil tended to be equipped with HDPE covers. Using HDPE cover also contributed greatly to LFG production due to its impermeability but had no remarkable effect on leachate yield reduction due to the dry climate in Beijing. The potential was reinforced by the potentials of decrement and reuse. The disposal method of LFG can be optimized, and the power generated by the LFG process can meet the landfill demand. The gray water recycled from the leachate could be used in the landfill process.

     

The health hazards of potentially toxic metals in the daily diets of adults and children from a mining and smelting region (Hezhang County) in southwestern China

Toxic metals accumulated in the human body are predominantly absorbed by the digestive tract in non-occupationally exposed populations. In the current study, we collected plowed soil samples, and investigated the varied food compositions in a mining and smelting area in southwestern China, to measure the concentrations of ten potentially toxic metals—As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, and Zn. We collected information on the daily intakes of these metals to assess the health risks associated with their exposure among children and adults. The urine concentrations of the metals were also measured to obtain data on the amounts present in the body. The results showed that the hazard indexes (HIs) of As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Sr were all larger than 1, for both adults and children; the Zn and Cu values were comparatively higher in children. The intake of staple foods of the region posed the greatest health risk, while drinking water only posed risks clearly associated with As exposure. The urine samples of local residents contained larger amounts of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn, confirming the hazards in the health risk assessment. Obvious differences in the urine metal concentrations between men and women were confirmed. In conclusion, higher concentrations of metals in the surface soil and rain water were the predominant cause of elevated exposure through home-grown crops and produce to accumulate in local residents’ bodies.