锦州湾水体中锌、铅、隔存在形式及分布规律的研究

本文研究了锦州湾海域水体中重金属锌、铅、镉各化学形态的含量及其各形态分布特征,其特征变化动态表明,该海域中重金属以可溶态为主要存在形式,其中以水合氧化物为重要清除载体.重金属除周边岩石风化物质的自然背景值外,主要来源于沿岸工厂排废.水体中重金属是在潮流水动力作用下,受各种理化因素的影响,产生迁移和转化.三种元素形态转化强度 Zn>Pb>Cd,它们污染程度为Cd>Zn>Pb.通过多元回归计算求得重金属与环境因素 pH 值(X_(PH))、Eh 值(X_(Eb))、氯度(X_(cl))、溶解氧(X_(DO))、化学耗氧量(X(COD))的多元一次方程.     

新农药环境化学行为研究(Ⅶ)除草剂哌草丹(Dimepiperate)在土壤、水环境中的滞留、转化

研究了除草剂哌草丹在土壤、水环境中的吸附、脱附、水解及光解过程.结果指出:哌草丹在土壤上的吸附主要受土壤有机质的影响,粘土矿也有一定作用.吸附和脱附均可用Freundlich方程描述;根据降解产物推测了哌草丹的水解和光降解的机理,哌草丹的水解产物为2-苯基丙烯和六氢吡啶等,六氢吡啶可与土壤粘土矿(蒙脱石)作用,并与蒙脱石层间阳离子形成配合物;哌草丹光降解的产物为六氢吡啶、苯乙酮和甲醛.     

模糊多属性决策在垃圾卫生填埋场选址中的应用

根据垃圾卫生填埋场选址的影响因素及其权重具有模糊性的特点,提出采用模糊多属性决策方法来解决垃圾卫生填埋场选址的问题。本文在分析垃圾卫生填埋场选址的主要影响因素的基础上,阐述了采用模糊多属性决策进行填埋场场址优选的思路、原理和方法,并通过具体算例证明了该法应用于填埋场选址的可行性与合理性。     

Humification characterization of biochar and its potential as a composting amendment

Biochar has received increasing attention due to its applications as a soil amendment. Here, the chemical properties of solid and water-extractable fractions of four biochar samples were investigated. The results showed that wood biochar and bamboo biochar samples were 60%–80% more hydrophobic than those of rice husk biochar and rice husk ash. In addition, the acidity was 3.88 mmol/g from the total functional groups and 1.03 mmol/g from the carboxyl groups/lactones/phenols found in the wood biochar sample, which were about 1.5 times greater than those of the bamboo biochar sample. These functional groups could be used to determine the sorptive capacity of biochar for ionic solutes and water content and to increase the degradation of compost organics. The wood biochar sample was found to have the most humification materials(fulvic acid-like material + humic acid-like material) in the water-extractable fraction, which was 3–10 times higher than that in the rice husk biochar and rice husk ash; humified materials were not detected in the bamboo biochar sample. Humification materials in biochar may be involved in increasing the proportion of humic acid-like materials in humic-like substances within the compost product. Wood biochar had better hydrophobic, sorptive, aromatic, and humification properties compared to other biochars, suggesting that it may be used in composting in order to exert its effect as both a bulking agent and a composting amendment during the solid waste composting process.     

浅谈石油化工厂罐区的火灾特点及扑救对策

分析了石油化工厂罐区的火灾特点,提出了火灾扑救的对策。     

航空铝型材一次折斜角成形试验方法的研究

型材一次折斜角成形是制造飞机承力结构零件的成形方法之一 ,通过试验的方法获得某种型材一次折斜角成形极限角度参数对飞机零件的生产有着重要的指导作用。简要地介绍了航空铝型材一次折斜角试验的 3种方法 ,并进行了分析和比较 ,为评价角型材开斜角或闭斜角成形时的工艺性能提供了有效的手段     

有机硅憎水改性珍珠岩复合保温材料的制备及性能研究

利用有机硅憎水剂对珍珠岩进行憎水改性处理,并将改性后的珍珠岩分别与聚乙烯醇(PVA)、脲醛树脂(UF)以及三聚氰胺脲醛树脂(MUF)进行填充复配制得三种复合材料,采用标准试验方法测定了三种憎水改性复合材料的密度、燃烧性能、烟密度、氧指数、导热系数等相关特性参数,考察了不同配比下的材料的导热性能和燃烧性能。结果表明,改性处理后珍珠岩复合材料的阻燃性能均有效增强,且表现出一定的协同效应。采用PVA的复合材料密度最低,为185.8kg/m~3;导热系数最低,为0.046w/m·k;烟密度仅10%;受热分解慢。而采用UF和MUF时其复合材料均表现出良好的阻燃特性,MUF复合材料氧指数达到了52.5%。     

Size, composition, and mixing state of individual aerosol particles in a South China coastal city

Aerosol samples were collected in summer in Macao,a coastal city of the Pearl River Delta Region in China.Morphology,size,elemental composition,and mixing state of individual aerosol particles were determined by scanning electron microscopy coupled energy dispersive X-ray(SEM/EDX) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).Based on the morphologies of 5711 aerosol particles,they consist of soot(32%),mineral(17%),secondary(22%),and unknown fine particles(29%).The sizes of these particles were mostly distributed between 0.1 and 0.4 μm.Compositions of 202 mineral particles were obtained by SEM/EDX.Mineral particles were mainly classified into three types:Si-rich,Ca-rich,and Na-rich.The compositions of typical mineral particles can indicate their sources in sampling location.For example,mineral particles,collected along the main street,were associated with trace amounts of heavy metals,such as Zn,Ti,Mn,Ba,Pb,and As.TEM observations indicate that most Na-rich particles were aged sea salt particles(e.g.,Na2SO4 and NaNO3) which formed through heterogeneous chemical reactions between sea salt and acidic gases.Additionally,aging time of soot was short in Macao due to high humidity,high temperature,and high levels of sunlight in Macao.Most of soot and fine mineral dust particles were internally mixed with secondary particles.     

磺酰脲类除草剂DPX—E9636的水解机理

对室温下ＤＰＸ－Ｅ９６３６的水解产物分离纯化后，运用元素分析，紫外光谱及＾１Ｈ核磁共振鉴定了主要产物的结构。产物为：１－（４，６－二甲氧基嘧啶基－２）－３（乙磺酰基－２－吡啶基）脲、Ｎ－（４，６－二甲氧基嘧啶基－２）－３－乙磺酰基－２－胺基吡啶、３－乙磺酰基－２－胺基吡啶及２－胺基－４，６－二甲氧基嘧啶，由此推测了ＤＰＸ－Ｅ９６３６的水解机理。     

Response of soil CO2 efflux to precipitation manipulation in a semiarid grassland

Soil CO_2efflux(SCE) is an important component of ecosystem CO_2 exchange and is largely temperature and moisture dependent, providing feedback between C cycling and the climate system. We used a precipitation manipulation experiment to examine the effects of precipitation treatment on SCE and its dependences on soil temperature and moisture in a semiarid grassland. Precipitation manipulation included ambient precipitation, decreased precipitation(- 43%), or increased precipitation(+ 17%). The SCE was measured from July2013 to December 2014, and CO_2 emission during the experimental period was assessed.The response curves of SCE to soil temperature and moisture were analyzed to determine whether the dependence of SCE on soil temperature or moisture varied with precipitation manipulation. The SCE significantly varied seasonally but was not affected by precipitation treatments regardless of season. Increasing precipitation resulted in an upward shift of SCE–temperature response curves and rightward shift of SCE–moisture response curves,while decreasing precipitation resulted in opposite shifts of such response curves. These shifts in the SCE response curves suggested that increasing precipitation strengthened the dependence of SCE on temperature or moisture, and decreasing precipitation weakened such dependences. Such shifts affected the predictions in soil CO_2 emissions for different precipitation treatments. When considering such shifts, decreasing or increasing precipitation resulted in 43 or 75% less change, respectively, in CO_2 emission compared with changes in emissions predicted without considering such shifts. Furthermore, the effects of shifts in SCE response curves on CO_2 emission prediction were greater during the growing than the non-growing season.