巢湖表层沉积物中磷赋存形态的时空变化

以巢湖表层沉积物为对象,采用欧洲标准测试委员会框架下发展的SMT分离方法分析总磷（total phosphorus,TP）、有机磷（organic phosphorus,OP）、无机磷（inorganic phosphorus,IP）、铁铝磷（NaOH-P）、钙磷（HCl-P）等磷形态的含量,利用ArcGIS 9.2和地统计学软件GS＋5.3进行空间数据和插值处理,探讨了巢湖表层沉积物中磷的形态分布特征及来源.结果表明：①沉积物中TN、TP和有机质含量的季节变化较小,在空间上均表现出西半湖含量高于东半湖的分布特点;C/N比率在21.35～28.19之间（平均值为24.94）,表明巢湖的入湖污染物主要以面源污染为主.②巢湖表层沉积物中TP含量的变化范围为528.90～1 385.71 mg.kg-1,IP为主要赋存形态（占TP的质量分数为55.78%～79.86%）.③巢湖表层沉积物中,OP含量为169.05～841.24 mg.kg-1,东、西半湖OP含量分别为376.02 mg.kg-1和406.53 mg.kg-1（占TP的质量分数为47.49%和36.28%）;NaOH-P含量为33.77～411.37 mg.kg-1,东、西半湖含量分别为108.37 mg.kg-1和276.30 mg.kg-1（占IP的质量分数为21.73%和33.12%）;HCl-P含量为194.95～477.45 mg.kg-1,东、西半湖HCl-P含量分别为321.71 mg.kg-1和338.08mg.kg-1（占IP的质量分数为64.50%和40.53%）,是IP的主要组成部分.④冬春季节OP含量高于夏秋季节,而夏秋季节HCl-P和NaOH-P含量高于冬春季节.     

考虑气体传输和应力耦合作用的页岩表观渗透率演化机理

为模拟页岩气抽采过程中孔隙压力对其吸附特性和渗透特性的影响,通过吸附及多孔弹性理论,建立考虑过剩吸附量的吸附模型,并进一步建立考虑气体传输影响的页岩表观渗透率模型,通过试验数据验证其合理性。结果表明,1)随孔隙压力逐渐升高,页岩过剩吸附量呈先快速增加后趋于平缓的变化趋势;随温度升高,其吸附量呈降低趋势。考虑过剩吸附量和温度修正的吸附模型计算结果与试验所测结果吻合较好,且能较好地反映不同温度下页岩过剩吸附量与孔隙压力的关系。2)页岩气体吸附过程中产生的基质膨胀变形量随孔隙压力升高而升高,且温度较低时的气体吸附变形量大于温度较高时的变形量。3)在有效应力恒定的条件下,CH₄和He的表观渗透率随努森数增大而减小。相同孔隙压力条件下,随有效应力升高CH4和He的表观渗透率均呈降低的趋势,且页岩表观渗透率对有效应力的敏感程度随孔隙压力升高而降低。相同有效应力条件下,充入He的页岩表观渗透率均大于充入CH4的页岩表观渗透率。4)构建考虑气体传输和应力耦合作用的页岩表观渗透率模型,模型计算的渗透率与实测值具有良好的一致性,能较好地表征不同外应力条件下的页岩表观渗透率演化规律。     

Long-term exposure to air pollution and cerebrovascular disease: findings from Beijing Health Management Cohort study

● This study explored the long-term association by double robust additive models. ● Individual exposure concentrations were assessed by integrating GAM, LUR and BPNN. ● PM_2.5, SO₂ and NO₂ are positively associated with cerebrovascular disease. ● CO could reduce the risk of cerebrovascular disease with the highest robustness. ● The elderly, women and people with normal BMI are at higher risk for air pollution. The relationship between air pollution and cerebrovascular disease has become a popular topic, yet research findings are highly heterogeneous. This study aims to investigate this association based on detailed individual health data and a precise evaluation of their exposure levels. The integrated models of generalized additive model, land use regression model and back propagation neural network were used to evaluate the exposure concentrations. And doubly robust additive model was conducted to explore the association between cerebrovascular disease and air pollution after adjusted for demographic characteristics, physical examination, disease information, geographic and socioeconomic status. A total of 25097 subjects were included in the Beijing Health Management Cohort from 2013 to 2018. With a 1 μg/m³ increase in the concentrations of PM_2.5, SO₂ and NO₂, the incidence risk of cerebrovascular disease increased by 1.02 (95% CI: 1.008–1.034), 1.06 (95% CI: 1.034–1.095) and 1.02 (95% CI: 1.010–1.029) respectively. Whereas CO exposure could decrease the risk, with an odds ratio of 0.38 (95% CI: 0.212–0.626). In the subgroup analysis, individuals under the age of 50 with normal BMI were at higher risk caused by PM_2.5, and SO₂ was considered more hazardous to women. Meanwhile, the protective effect of CO on women and those with normal BMI was stronger. Successful reduction of long-term exposure to PM_2.5, SO₂ and NO₂ would lead to substantial benefits for decrease the risk of cerebrovascular disease especially for the health of the susceptible individuals.     

易自燃采空区瓦斯与火灾共治数值模拟

易自燃煤层采空区瓦斯和火灾综合防治是煤矿亟待解决的难题,基于多孔介质渗流理论,把采空区渗透系数以及瓦斯涌出源项看成随采空区位置变化的量。建立采空区气体流动的质量方程、动量方程、组分传输方程以及能量守恒方程,应用fluent软件模拟采空区在不同工作面供风量、不同抽放情况下采空区流场分布,得出工作面风量与氧化带宽度的拟合关系式。指出瓦斯抽放对采空区瓦斯浓度分布以及氧化带宽度影响比较显著;结合现场观测数据,表明数值模拟的可靠性。通过数值模拟,可以得出采空区不同瓦斯治理参数与氧化带宽度的对应关系,为煤矿采空区瓦斯和火灾合理防治提供依据。     

一维修正弹任务可靠度的序贯截尾检验方法

目的 研究并提出一种基于序贯截尾检验方法的任务可靠度评定方法.方法 将序贯截尾检验方法引入一维修正弹任务可靠度评定过程中,建立检验方法数学描述模型,并结合工程实例,综合应用Monte-Carlo法,给出数值算例和任务可靠度检验方案,验证方法的有效性和可行性.结果 与二项式经典假设检验方法(所需试验样本量N=54)相比,...     

新冠疫情背景下建筑从业人员统计生命价值研究

为研究建筑职业风险和新冠疫情风险下的统计生命价值(VOSL),以成都市建筑从业者为对象采集数据,基于生存分析处理删失数据的特性,运用二分式条件价值法(CVM)和Kaplan-Meier法测算不同背景下的VOSL,运用COX回归对VOSL影响因素进行分析。研究结果表明：成都市建筑从业者在职业风险和新冠疫情风险下的VOSL分别为429.472,459.079万元,生命价值评估具有情境依赖性且存在“引导悖论”;2种风险背景下受访者学历、月收入及安全重视程度的提高均会增强支付意愿,而安全满意程度的提高则会降低支付意愿;职业风险下影响支付意愿的关键因素为安全设备保障满意程度、重视程度和学历,新冠疫情风险下影响支付意愿的关键因素为卫生安全重视程度、学历和月收入。     

生活中的种种误区

饮料瓶装食用油饮料瓶大都用聚丙烯制成,其中含有一些乙烯单体。若用饮料瓶装植物油或者是酱油、食醋等脂溶性有机物,便会将瓶内对人体有害的乙烯单体慢慢地溶解出来。如果长期食用经过饮料瓶储存的油脂,必然会加速人体内脏器官功能的衰老退化,埋下祸根。     

序批式自动增氧型生活污水处理器的运行

设计一种序批式自动增氧型生活污水处理器,采用间歇运行方式,考察其对SS、COD、TN、TP的去除效果以及抗有机冲击负荷能力。结果表明,系统启动后,对SS、COD、TN、TP的去除率分别稳定在90%、80.9%、87.4%和88.4%以上;在一定范围内,处理器对有机冲击负荷有较强的适应性和稳定性,适合于生活污水的处理,具有一定的应用前景。     

地形对中国气温季节分布格局的差异影响

利用中国气象中心160台站的长期观测资料,分析发现中圜气温的空间分布格局的存在着巨大的季节差异:在冬季,等温线基本上与纬线平行;在夏季,等温线形成一个个闭合高温或低温中心.同时,这些高温中心都足以负地形地区为中心分布,而低温分布是以正地形地区为中心.可见,我国冬夏季节的气温分布格局是由不同的控制机制决定的:冬季气温分布格局主要由纬度控制,夏季气温分布格局主要南地形控制.     

Turbulent kinetic energy budgets in a model canopy: comparisons between LES and wind-tunnel experiments

A comparative study of turbulence in a wind-tunnel model canopy is performed, using Large eddy simulation (LES) and experimental data from PIV and hot-wire anemometry measurements. The model canopy is composed of thin cylindrical stalks. In the LES, these are represented using a plant-scale approach, while the scale-dependent Lagrangian dynamic model is used as subgrid-scale model. LES predictions of turbulence statistics and energy spectra are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budgets from the LES simulation are analyzed to provide more information absent in the measurements. Results confirm that sloshing motions at the low levels of the canopy are mainly driven by pressure fluctuations. A difference between the energy flux obtained from the energy spectrum and the SGS dissipation rate is observed, consistent with a spectral bypass mechanism in which the real spectral flux due to cascade is smaller than that implied by the energy-spectrum level, due to direct drain by the canopy.