Occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in biosolids

Each year, large quantities of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are used worldwide. Once conveyed to wastewater treatment plants, PPCPs can remain unchanged or undergo partial or complete transformation during wastewater treatment processes before discharge into the environment via effluent and biosolids for land application. Biosolids can be a major sink for some PPCPs. Previous investigations have indicated that land application of biosolids may be a potential important route through which PPCPs enter the environment. However, no information is available on exactly how closely the concentrations of PPCPs in the environmental media are related to the land application of PPCP-containing biosolids. This paper reviews currently available information on the occurrence of PPCPs in biosolids, methods of analysis, the potential fate of PPCPs in biosolids-applied soils, and composting as a potential means for removal of PPCPs from biosolids.     

特大型双曲线自然通风冷却塔噪声治理设计及效果

火力发电厂闭式循环冷却水系统多数是采用钢筋混凝土结构自然通风冷却塔,其噪声污染治理是一个难题.本文以上海吴泾电厂八期1#、2#机组所用特大型双曲线自然通风冷却塔为例,介绍其噪声特性、控制措施及治理效果,可供同类冷却塔噪声控制参考.     

Estimation of 222Rn release from the phosphogypsum board used in housing panels

Phosphogypsum board is a popular construction material used for housing panels in Korea. Phosphogypsum often contains (226)Ra which decays into (222)Rn through an alpha transformation. (222)Rn emanated from the (226)Ra-bearing phosphogypsum board has drawn the public concern due to its potential radiological impacts to indoor occupants. The emanation rate of (222)Rn from the board is estimated in this paper. A mathematical model of the emanation rate of (222)Rn from the board is presented and validated through a series of experiments. The back diffusion effect due to accumulation of (222)Rn-laden air was incorporated in the model and found to have a strong impact on the (222)Rn emanation characteristics.     

Emergy evaluation perspectives of a multipurpose dam proposal in Korea

The 'emergy' concept was used to evaluate the economy of Korea and the contributions of a multipurpose dam proposal to the real wealth of the Korean economy. Emergy is defined as the available energy of one kind previously used up directly and indirectly to make a product or service. The indices for Korea calculated from the emergy evaluation were close to those of developed countries. Even though its monetary balance of payments was negative in 1997, the economy of Korea showed positive balance in trade when exports and imports were expressed in emergy. The emergy evaluation showed that the Korean economy places a large stress on its environment. Water supply and generation of electricity were the most important contributions of the proposed dam in terms of emergy; 46.5 and 45.1% of the total benefit, respectively. Flood control contributed 8.4% of the total benefit. Major costs associated with the proposed dam were from sediments (33.2% of the total cost), construction services (22.8%), and social disruption of the region (21.6%). In terms of emergy, the ratio of benefits to costs of the proposed dam was 2.78 if sediments are not included, and 1.86 if sediments are included, which result in more benefits than costs in both cases. The benefit to cost ratio of the dam was larger than that of the current system (1.42) without the dam whether sediments are included in the total cost or not. The environmental stress of the proposed dam was considerably lower than that of the Korean economy, but the dam might increase stress on local environment.     

Effect of 17beta-estradiol on the reproduction of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Estrogenic compounds such as 17beta-estradiol (E2) and its analogs are present in the aquatic environment and can adversely affect the reproductive systems of aquatic organisms. Although E2 has been detected at a maximum concentration of 64 ng/l in effluents of sewage treatment works (STWs), few reports address the associated effects on reproduction in fish. Therefore, we exposed adult medaka (Oryzias latipes) to mean measured E2 concentrations of 29.3, 55.7, 116, 227, and 463 ng/l for 21 d and assessed the effects on the egg number and fertility of paired medaka during the exposure period. In addition, we determined the hepatic vitellogenin (Vtg) concentration and histologically assessed the gonads of these fish. The number of egg produced and fertility of the paired medaka exposed to 463 ng/l E2 were significantly less compared with those of the control fish. Males in all treatment groups had developed testis-ova. Males treated with E2 concentrations = 55.7 ng/l contained relating great concentrations of hepatic Vtg. Therefore, although only the greatest E2 concentration tested in our study affected fecundity and fertility, effects of E2 were observed on induction of Vtg and testis-ova in male medaka exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of E2.     

经济植物复层栽培对三峡库区水土保持和移民经济的作用

三峡库区森林覆盖率低，水土流失严重。三峡工程兴建后，由于大量耕地被淹，移民后靠，库区的生态环境与移民经济之间的矛盾将会更加突出。本文提出了经济植物复层栽培方法，对其在减少库区水土流失、改善库区生态环境和解决库区移民经济方面的作用作了全面的论述。经济植物复层栽培是解决三峡库区生态环境和移民经济的基本途径，采用扩大种植农作物的方法来解决三峡库区移民经济问题将会加剧水土流失，使生态环境更加恶化。     

水力旋流沉淀器在精对苯二甲酸废水处理中的应用

阐述了新型SXD水力旋流沉淀器的工作原理及结构特点，并从理论和实际应用两方面分析了影响水力旋流器处理效果的因素，评价了其在精对苯二甲酸废水处理中的性能。     

铬渣中Cr(Ⅵ)制取铬黄颜料的资源化技术研究

用蒸馏水在直径52 mm和80 mm的有机玻管中淋浸风化铬渣,在渣水比为250 g/200mL、500 g/400 mL和750 g/600 mL的3种方案中,750 g/600 mL的效果最佳.在2种不同管径装置中,可分别得到Cr(Ⅵ)总溶出率为94.0%、98.7%的良好淋浸效果.将含Cr(Ⅵ)的淋滤液替代商品重铬酸钠成功地制备出柠檬铬黄、中铬黄、浅铬黄,PbCrO4含量指标符合国标要求.相对于铅盐、Na2CrO4的理论反应用量,Cr(Ⅵ)浓度为26.21 g/L时,不仅可获取理想的铬黄生成量,而且可使沉淀分离液中检不出Cr(Ⅵ)残留量,但高于此浓度则会出现Cr(Ⅵ)残留.理论值1.15倍的铅盐用量可使Cr(Ⅵ)沉淀完全,铬黄达最高产率.廉价矿物材料改性磷灰石等可用于外排废液中Pb2+的吸附去除,以控制二次污染.利用铬渣中Cr(Ⅵ)溶出液直接制取铬黄颜料,可为铬渣资源化处理开辟一条新途径并获得明显的经济效益.     

Outdoor recreation planning and management considering FROS and carrying capacities: a case study of forest wetland in Yeongam-gum,South Korea

Environment, Development and Sustainability - Since demand for outdoor recreation in forests has been increasing, a structural planning framework for sustainable use while minimizing ecosystem...     

某型飞机APU舱灭火系统设计

旨在设计某型飞机的APU舱灭火系统。通过对已有机型的分析和适航条款的解读,对灭火系统的安装方式和灭火瓶的安装位置进行了研究,计算了所需的灭火剂剂量,使用FLUENT仿真软件模拟了灭火喷嘴的位置和灭火剂喷射效果,为灭火系统的布局和优化提供参考。