京津廊城市气团光化学污染潜势分析

选取京津廊三市交界处,于2019年和2021年的7月开展PAN (过氧乙酰硝酸酯)在线监测、空间来源解析与反应产率研究,以评估北京、天津、廊坊不同城市气团的光化学污染潜势及近年变化趋势.观测结果表明,三市交界处2021年夏季PAN浓度均值(0.89±0.21)×10^-9,较2019年同期(2.45±0.71)×10^-9下降63.8%.PAN在夏季大气寿命很短,其在该观测点浓度主要受周边城市气团光化学反应控制,其产率呈现明显双峰特征,峰值水平在2019年和2021年的7月分别为3.08×10^-9/h、1.75×10^-9/h,2021年较2019年下降43.18%,与PAN的年际变化趋势吻合.该观测点PAN的潜在源贡献函数(PSCF)高值区在2个观测月均出现在东南方向50km范围内,显示了天津市气团输送对该观测点PAN浓度的显著贡献.当该观测点受天津城市气团绝对影响时,PAN生成潜势和前体物NO₂均呈最高水平,约为受北京城市气团影响时的2.03倍和2.01倍,为受廊坊城市气团影响时的1.53和1.21倍.可见,天津城市气团具有最高的光化学污染潜势,其与北京气团的差异主要源自NO_x,而与廊坊气团的差异则来自NO_x和VOCs两类前体物.     

电厂冷却系统对梭幼鱼和对虾仔虾卷载效应的初步探讨

根据青岛电厂运行观测和模拟实验，分析了卷载效应中机械损伤和高温冲击对梭幼鱼和对虾仔虾的危害。研究表明，电厂冷却系统内流速≥２．０ｍ／ｓ，滤网孔径８ｍｍ时，对体长７－１７ｍｍ和２０－３４ｍｍ仔虾的致死率分别为２８．３％－５５．３％和２８．６％－６６．９％；对体长２０－４０ｍｍ梭幼鱼的致死率为６３．４％－７８．８％。卷载致死率与生物的密度、体长及形态特征有关。模拟实验结果为：０．９－１．０５ｍ／ｓ的流     

The toxic effects of neem extract and azadirachtin on the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (BPH) (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

Extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) are used in the developing world for many purposes including management of agricultural insect pests. The effects of different neem extracts (aqueous (NSKEaq), ethanol (NSKEeth) and hexane (NSKEhex)) on mortality, survival and weight of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (St?l) (BPH) (Homoptera: Delphacidae) third and fourth nymphal instars were investigated. When fed rice plants treated with neem derivatives in bioassays, the survival of BPH nymphs is affected. Comparisons were made with the pure neem limonoid, azadirachtin (AZA) to ascertain its role as a compound responsible for these effects. AZA was most potent in all experiments and produced almost 100% nymphal mortality at 0.5 ppm and higher concentrations. When higher concentrations were applied, the effects appeared shortly after treatment and mortality was higher. Many insects died after remaining inactive for several days or during prolonged moulting. At lower concentrations, if moulting was achieved, disturbed growth and abnormalities were then likely to occur in the moulting process. Nymphs that were chronically exposed to neem extract showed a reduction in weight (45-60%). The results clearly indicate the simple NSKE (aqueous, ethanolic or both), containing low concentrations of AZA, can be used effectively to inhibit the growth and survival of BPH.     

Congener-specific approach to human PCB concentrations by serum analysis

The objective of this study was to evaluate all congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human serum samples. Concentrations of all PCB congeners in the serum of 87 volunteers were determined by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). The participants consisted of 47 males and 40 females, including 25 men working at municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs). The mean concentrations of total PCBs and dioxin-like PCBs were 242.77ng/g lipid (median: 180.17ng/g lipid) and 18.57ng/g lipid (median: 15.34ng/g lipid), respectively. Penta-, hexa-, and heptachlorinated biphenyls contributed more than 80% of the total PCBs detected in human serum. Congener-specific analysis indicated that PCB153, PCB138, PCB180, PCB187, and PCB118 contributed 57.3% of the total PCBs detected in human serum samples. A statistical analysis was performed to determine whether there were significant correlations between PCB concentrations and specific variables such as age, gender, smoking habits, occupation, and body mass index (BMI). However, serum PCB concentrations correlated only with age. In addition, we found that total PCBs and dioxin-like PCBs highly correlated with PCB153 (correlation coefficient r=0.93, p<0.01) and PCB118 (correlation coefficient r=0.98, p<0.01), respectively. Thus these two congeners could be satisfactory indicators for total PCBs and dioxin-like PCBs in human serum.     

信息量融入GA优化SVM模型下的地质灾害易发性评价

地质灾害易发性评价是防灾减灾工作部署、灾害预警以及风险管控的基础,针对评价因子在量纲、性质等方面的差异以及评价模型的适用性、准确性等问题,以陕西省子长市作为研究区,引入信息量(information value, INF)模型与遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm, GA),提出一种信息量融入GA优化支持向量机(Support Vector Machines, SVM)模型的地质灾害易发性评价方法。首先,从研究区的地形地貌、地质环境、生态环境三个方面选取坡度、坡向、河流距离、土地利用类型等9个评价因子,利用INF模型将各评价因子量纲进行统一,构建样本数据集;然后,利用GA迭代求解SVM关键参数c和g的最优值;最后,将全区点集属性数据代入训练好的模型中求解并输出子长市地质灾害易发性指数值,将该值代入ArcGIS软件得到地质灾害易发性区划图,并采用受试者工作特征(Receiver Operating Characteristic, ROC)曲线对模型预测结果的精度进行检验。结果表明：采用信息量融入GA优化SVM模型得到的子长市地质灾害易发性评价结果的准确率为93%,优于INF模型和...     

南通富水砂层盾构隧道开挖对邻近桩基影响分析

为有效控制盾构隧道近距侧穿既有桥梁桩基施工,给桩基造成一定安全风险,本文依托南通地铁1号线区间盾构工程,建立三维有限元模型,基于流固耦合理论分析盾构施工对桩基水平位移、内力、地表沉降的影响,并验证计算的准确性。结果表明:盾构开挖面距离桩基2D范围内,盾构施工对桩基产生的影响占总水平位移的85%;桩基产生的最大水平位移为16.13 mm;盾构施工引起桩基剪力和弯矩的变化量明显。在富水砂层类似工程施工中应加强监测,同时采取优化盾构掘进参数和地层加固等措施,减小盾构施工对桩基影响。     

腾发覆盖垃圾填埋场覆盖层机理试验研究及结构分析

研究了腾发覆盖垃圾场覆盖层水平衡机理并探讨了植物、土质和厚度调节对控制覆盖层水均衡的作用.6组腾发覆盖试验结果表明,腾发作用在覆盖层水量平均过程中起关键作用,覆盖层土壤水分耗散与叶面积指数表现出非线性增长关系;植物生长条件下覆盖层土壤水分总耗散量可以达到无植物覆盖情况下的3.3～4.5倍,60 cm覆盖厚度、植物生长条件下能够提供97.2 mm的土壤水库容积,而无植物生长情况下有效库容仅为62.8 mm; 降雨入渗在覆盖层中表现出非均匀运动特性,流动区域随深度的增加而呈指数递减的趋势,20、40和60 mm降雨条件下最大入渗深度与平均入渗深度的比值分别为3.65、1.77和1.40,表明土壤水库容量不仅取决于覆盖层土壤质地,厚度和初始含水率,并且与降雨量有关,非均匀入渗是植物生长条件下渗沥产生的主要原因.Hydrus-2D模拟覆盖层水均衡要素动态结果显示,相比粘土,选用砂壤性土壤能够更为有效利用腾发作用的调节和控制覆盖层水分,达到控制渗沥的目的.     

甘家湖荒漠梭梭林自然保护区管理问题的初探

结合西北实际对甘家湖梭梭林自然保护区的现状及管理进行了初步分析,并提出应如何加强管理的对策和建议。     

学龄儿童肺功能的影响因素分析

以武汉市污染区和对照区 50 0多名学龄儿童为研究对象 ,通过问卷调查和为期四年的肺功能连续测定 ,运用逐步回归模型对儿童肺功能的影响因素进行多元分析。结果表明 ,儿童肺功能生长发育水平与机体生理因素 ,尤其是身高的关系最密切。室内外空气污染对儿童肺功能的生长发育有不同程度的抑制作用 ,小气道对各环境因素的影响较大气道敏感 ,女性较男性敏感。影响儿童肺功能最主要的环境因素是大气 TSP,其次为 SO2 、家庭燃煤和 NOx,被动吸烟的影响较轻。TSP与 FEF2 5 %～ 75 % 有着密切的统计学联系 ,是影响小气道功能的主要污染物