Multicriteria Evaluation of Water Resources Sustainability in the Context of Watershed Management1

Kang, Min‐Goo and Gwang‐Man Lee, 2011. Multicriteria Evaluation of Water Resources Sustainability in the Context of Watershed Management. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):813‐827. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00559.x Abstract: To evaluate water resources sustainability at the watershed scale within a river basin’s context, the Water Resources Sustainability Evaluation Model is developed. The model employs 4 criteria (economic efficiency, social equity, environmental conservation, and maintenance capacity) and has 16 indicators, integrating them using their relative weights. The model is applied to evaluate the water resources sustainability of watersheds in the Geum River basin, South Korea. A geographic information system is employed to efficiently build a database for the indicators, and the values of the indicators are normalized using the probability distribution functions fitted to the datasets of the indicators. The evaluation results show that, overall, the water resources sustainability of the watersheds in the upper basin is better than other areas due to the good environmental conditions and the dam management policies of South Korea. The analysis of the correlations among the model’s components and the comparison between the results of the model and the Water Poverty Index show that the model can provide reasonable evaluation results for the water resources sustainability of watersheds. Consequently, it is concluded that the model can be an effective tool for evaluating the states of water resource management from the perspective of sustainable development and provide a basis on which to create policies for improving any inadequacies in watersheds.     

小麦和水稻对纳米硒的吸收和转运

通过水培试验,研究了不同粒径纳米硒(Se NPs)和不同p H条件对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)及水稻(Oryza sativa L.)吸收、转运硒的影响.结果表明,小麦和水稻对不同粒径(50、100和150 nm) Se NPs的吸收规律不同. 24 h和72 h处理下,小麦根系对3种粒径Se NPs的吸收无显著差异,但其地上部中的硒含量(以干重计,下同)在50 nm Se NPs处理下达到最高,分别为(1. 89±0. 47)μg·g-1和(5. 18±1. 51)μg·g-1.硒在小麦体内的转运系数也在50 nm Se NPs处理24 h时显著高于其他粒径Se NPs处理2. 38倍(P 0. 05).对于水稻而言,50 nm Se NPs处理24 h时根系中的硒含量分别比100 nm和150 nm Se NPs处理增加了11. 18%和41. 81%,但在72 h时3种粒径Se NPs处理间根系对硒的吸收无显著差异.同时,硒在水稻中的地上部含量和转运系数也在50 nm Se NPs处理达到了最大值.另外,p H条件也会影响植物对硒的吸收和转运. Se NPs处理24h时,小麦根系在p H为6时对硒的吸收量最大,并高于亚硒酸盐处理89. 47%,但在p H为4时小麦对硒的转运能力最强.水稻在p H较低时(p H为3. 5和5. 5),对Se NPs的吸收量显著低于亚硒酸盐,且Se NPs在p H为3. 5时更易转运.以上结果表明水稻和小麦均可以吸收Se NPs,并且在p H较低的环境下Se NPs粒径越小越容易在植物体内转运.     

湿地综合分类研究:Ⅰ.分类

目前湿地研究中存在的主要问题是湿地分类标准不一，不同学科间的湿地分类系统缺乏可比性，且缺乏类别界定的定量指标。本文在总结吸收湿地分类已有成果的基础上，比较了已有方法的优劣，提出了一种动力与成因相结合的综合分类法，并讨论了各个分类等级上分类因子的定量描述方法，从而在一定程度上保证了湿地分类的通用性和定量性。这一综合分类方法的提出有助于用数学模型对湿地动态变化进行定量描述①。     

基于卫星遥感数据(AOD)估算PM2.5的研究进展

雾霾天气的频繁出现,不断向人们警示中国大气环境污染的严重性.细颗粒物PM2.5作为空气质量评价指标之一,由于粒径小、为有毒性物质提供载体的特性,对人们的健康和生活产生很大的负面影响.近年来,PM2.5的相关研究引起了世界各国研究者的广泛关注,通过地基手段获得PM2.5质量浓度受到环境、地理等因素的限制,而利用卫星遥感技术估算地面PM2.5质量浓度,覆盖面广、估算精度可靠,对环境污染监测和治理具有重要意义.在综合了国内外关于气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)估算PM2.5文献的基础上,对AOD和PM2.5的数据源和估算的方法及手段作了简要介绍,分析总结了AOD与PM2.5相关性与PM2.5遥感估算的模型,并展望了未来PM2.5研究的发展方向.     

聚氨酯泡沫材料的粘接性能研究

介绍了常规聚氨酯泡沫材料的原料及合成;探讨了主要原料的选择,发泡剂、交联剂、催化剂等助剂的选择及化学改性聚氨酯泡沫三方面因素对聚氨酯泡沫粘接性能的变化规律的影响,并介绍了常用的几种提高聚氨酯泡沫粘接强度的方法;提出了改善聚氨酯泡沫粘接过程中存在的问题和未来的研究方向。     

美国红鱼卵黄原蛋白的分离纯化及电泳性质鉴定

腹腔注射0.02mg/gBW17β-雌二醇,诱导美国红鱼1wk后取尾静脉血,离心分离得到的血浆经Sephacryl S-300 high resolution分子筛分离、纯化卵黄原蛋白.常规聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的考马斯亮蓝染色和糖、磷、脂的特征性基团染色结果表明,17β-雌二醇诱导美国红鱼产生了两种形式的卵黄原蛋白,以Native-PAGE方法计算出美国红鱼两种卵黄原蛋白的分子量分别为344×103和247×103,以SDS-PAGE方法得出卵黄原蛋白3种亚基的分子量为152×103、133×103和118×103.分子筛凝胶过滤能较好地分离纯化美国红鱼血浆中的卵黄原蛋白.图8参17     

Kinetic modeling of fenton oxidation of phenol and monochlorophenols

A kinetic model, consisting of 28 reactions, was proposed to understand the key mechanism of the Fenton oxidation of phenol and o-, m-, and p-chlorophenols. Particular attention is paid to the interactions of the organic intermediates with the Fe species. The proposed model reasonably predicts the decomposition kinetics and by-product formation for the different phenols at widely varying levels of Fe2+, H2O2, and the phenols. For the phenols and intermediates, change in concentrations with time was predicted within 20-30% deviation from the measured data. The single model predicts the overall kinetics of Fenton oxidation of all the tested phenols by adjusting the rate constant of hydroxyl radical for each phenol. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the key reactions are those that directly govern the levels of OH radical and Fe2+. Both the model prediction and the experimental results show that the decomposition rate could be complicated particularly by the availability of Fe2+. Understanding the interactions of the organic intermediates with Fe2+ is thus of critical importance to improve the decomposition performance.     

夹层对盐岩储气库注采运行稳定性影响研究

为保证含夹层盐岩储气库长期注采过程的安全稳定,开展夹层几何特征对盐岩储气库注采运行稳定性影响的研究。通过FLAC^3D开展数值模拟,研究单一夹层厚度、位置及夹层数量等几何特征对储气库围岩应力、变形的影响规律,并分析盐腔的稳定性和可用性对夹层几何参数的敏感性特征。结果表明:随夹层厚度、数量的增加,盐腔围岩所受压应力增大,收缩变形减小,体积收缩率增大;随夹层到腔体顶板距离减小,盐腔围岩所受压应力先减小后增大,收缩变形增大,体积收缩率减小。各夹层参数的敏感度系数排序为:夹层厚度、夹层数量、夹层位置。该结论可为层状盐岩储气库先导工程的可行性分析与稳定性评价提供参考。     

大塑性变形法制备块体纳米材料

综述了大塑性变形法制备块体纳米材料的发展、常用方法及其工作原理,介绍了大塑性变形法制备块体纳米材料应满足的基本条件,并在此基础上论述了大塑性变形法的实际应用,指出了目前大塑性变形法在制备块体纳米材料时存在的问题.     

Alkaline phosphatase activity in the phosphorus-limited southern Chinese coastal waters

Three fractions of alkaline phosphatase activity(APA), including phytoplankton APA(phyto-APA), bacterial APA(bact-APA), and free-APA, were examined in the sea surface microlayer(SML) and the subsurface water(SSW) from Daya Bay, Guishan Island, and Guanghai Bay of southern China. Relationships between APA and environmental parameters were analyzed. The growth of phytoplankton was significantly limited by dissolved inorganic phosphorus(DIP) in the three sea areas, especially in Daya Bay. TotalAPA ranged between 1.41 and 35.26 nmol/L/hr, and the highest value was found in Daya Bay. The increased APA in Daya Bay was the result of the increase of phytoplankton biomass and the response of phytoplankton to P limitation. Phyto-APA was the main contributor in Daya Bay, while phyto-and free-APA co-dominated in Guishan Island and Guanghai Bay. Bact-, phyto-, and total-APA showed a significant inverse power function relationship with DIP, and 0.2 μmol/L was the threshold for DIP on particulates and totalAPA. Pearson correlation analysis suggested that DIP limitation together with high N levels enhanced APA. High water temperature and freshwater input accelerated APA as well.Principal component analysis clearly separated samples from the three sea areas, as well as from the SML and the SSW, which indicated the differences in environmental parameters and APA levels. Our results highlight the influence of phosphorus limitation and environmental parameters on APA.