基于车流和大气污染物浓度同步增量的机动车平均排放因子估算方法

机动车尾气排放已成为城市大气污染的主要来源并受到了高度关注.机动车排放因子是反映机动车排放状况的最基本参数,但实测排放因子代价较高、代表范围有限,基于国外排放模式估算的排放因子又与我国的实际排放状况存在一定差距.本研究首先基于早高峰时段车流量和道路附近大气污染物浓度呈近线性增加、气象条件和背景污染物浓度相对稳定的特征,将时段内污染物浓度的增加主要归因为车流的增加,从而建立车流和污染物浓度增量之间的关系;然后采用无限线源高斯扩散模式,反推道路实际行驶机动车的平均排放因子.以北京市一条主干道为例,利用早高峰车流量、污染物浓度、气象观测数据,进行了实例研究,并将研究结果同COPERT4排放模型的预测结果进行了对比.本研究和COPERT4排放模型预测的8月一氧化碳平均排放因子分别为2.0 g·km-1和1.2 g·km-1,12月分别为5.5 g·km-1和5.2 g·km-1.结果表明,本方法估算的机动车排放因子在数值大小及季节变化上均与COPERT4排放模型较为接近.所提方法通过消除背景浓度的干扰,为实时获取车队实际排放因子提供了一种新思路.     

废水中和系统聚丙烯酰胺阻垢效果和机理研究

对酸碱废水中和系统所形成污垢的成份进行了测定和对污垢阻垢效果的各种阻垢剂进行了筛选 ,进行了各种阻垢剂的阻垢机理研究 ,确定了聚丙烯酰胺既为絮凝剂又为阻垢剂的最佳投加量 ,保证了整个废水处理工艺的安全稳定运行 ,为聚丙烯酰胺多功能应用提供了科学依据     

Discovery of emerging organic pollutants in the atmosphere through an omics approach

● We review the framework of discovering emerging pollutants through an omics approach. ● High-resolution MS can digitalize atmospheric samples to full-component data. ● Chemical features and databases can help to translate untargeted data to compounds. ● Biological effect-directed untargeted analyses consider both existence and toxicity. Ambient air pollution, containing numerous known and hitherto unknown compounds, is a major risk factor for public health. The discovery of harmful components is the prerequisite for pollution control; however, this raises a great challenge on recognizing previously unknown species. Here we systematically review the analytical techniques on air pollution in the framework of an omics approach, with a brief introduction on sample preparation and analysis, and in more detail, compounds prioritization and identification. Through high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS, typically coupled with chromatography), the complicated environmental matrix can be digitalized into “full-component” data. A key step to discover emerging compounds is the prioritization of compounds from massive data. Chemical fingerprints, suspect lists and biological effects are the most vital untargeted strategies for comprehensively screening critical and hazardous substances. Afterward, compressed data of compounds can be identified at various confidence levels according to exact mass and the derived molecular formula, MS libraries, and authentic standards. Such an omics approach on full-component data provides a paradigm for discovering emerging air pollutants; nonetheless, new technological advancements of instruments and databases are warranted for further tracking the environmental behaviors, hence to evaluate the health risk of key pollutants.     

蚯蚓粪复配硼钼调理剂对土壤改良和茄子生长的影响作用

土壤质量决定着农产品的质量和农业生产的可持续发展,然而土壤退化成为农业生产的重要限制因素之一,施用土壤调理剂有利于减缓土壤退化的速度.该研究配制土壤调理剂,即蚯蚓粪?草菇渣?蛭石=6?3?1、钼酸钠50 g·kg?1、硼酸13.3 g·kg?1,并设5个不同的处理CK、QY-T1、QY-T2、QY-T3、QY-T4,研...     

Quantitative health risk assessment of inhalation exposure to automobile foundry dust

With a growing awareness of environmental protection, the dust pollution caused by automobile foundry work has become a serious and urgent problem. This study aimed to explore contamination levels and health effects of automobile foundry dust. A total of 276 dust samples from six types of work in an automobile foundry factory were collected and analysed using the filter membrane method. Probabilistic risk assessment model was developed for evaluating the health risk of foundry dust on workers. The health risk and its influencing factors among workers were then assessed by applying the Monte Carlo method to identify the most significant parameters. Health damage assessment was conducted to translate health risk into disability-adjusted life year (DALY). The results revealed that the mean concentration of dust on six types of work ranged from 1.67 to 5.40 mg/m³. The highest health risks to be come from melting, cast shakeout and finishing, followed by pouring, sand preparation, moulding and core-making. The probability of the risk exceeding 10⁻⁶ was approximately 85%, 90%, 90%, 75%, 70% and 45%, respectively. The sensitivity analysis indicated that average time, exposure duration, inhalation rate and dust concentration (C) made great contribution to dust health risk. Workers exposed to cast shakeout and finishing had the largest DALY of 48.64a. These results can further help managers to fully understand the dust risks on various types of work in the automobile foundry factories and provide scientific basis for the management and decision-making related to health damage assessment.

     

袋装控释铁肥压根法矫治桃树黄叶病的效果

本文介绍了袋装控释铁肥压根法矫治桃树缺铁黄叶病的效果。该法具有大幅度增加叶绿素含量．提高果实产量,改善果实品质,降低矫治成本,安全可靠,效果好的特点。     

可持续发展指标体系研究进展

文章对于可持续发展指标体系这一国际上可持续发展研究的热点，从国家层次到地方层次，指标集和高度合并的指数货币化方法及非货币化等方面，详细分析国外可持续发展指标体系的研究进展。     

氧化镁FGD脱硫过程的建模及其应用

氧化镁烟气脱硫是以氧化镁为脱硫反应剂的一种湿法烟气脱硫技术，目前国内外应用甚少，但开发前景广阔。以实验室小试为基础，从气液传质入手，利用双膜理论建立脱硫过程的数学模型，从而对中试脱硫效率进行预测并进行参数敏感性分析。结果表明，模型预测的脱硫效率与实际脱硫效率有很高的吻合度，其计算参数能反映出实际运行参数对脱硫效率的影响，对实际工况中操作条件的变更以及运行参数的调试有很高的指导意义。     

Microbial community and biochemistry process in autosulfurotrophic denitrifying biofilm

The 16S rDNA-based molecular technique was applied to analyze the microbial community of autotrophic denitrification bacteria in a biofilm developed on the surface of sulfur particles and then the biochemistry process involved in this biofilm was discussed based on the microbial community analysis. Six key operational taxonomy units were identified, which were all unknown species belonging to a wide range of bacteria from four major subdivisions (alpha, beta, gamma and delta) of the kingdom Proteobacteria and from the kingdom Chlorobia (green sulfur bacteria). One species was chemoautotrophic and related to Thiobacillus denitrificans, two species were photoautotrophic, and three were chemoheterotrophic. Contrary to expectation, T. denitrificans-like bacteria constituted only 32% of the microbial community. As a result of the study, the entire microbiology of the autosulfurotrophic denitrification process as well as the interactions between the different microbial groups in the biofilm may need to be reconsidered.     

Cu^2＋沉淀-氧化法脱除H2S废气回收硫磺研究

开发了一种用含Cu^2＋的溶液吸收H2S，并用Cu^2＋自氧化CuS制取硫磺的新工艺，Cu^2＋的还原产物CuCl2^-由空气氧化再生，实现循环。考察了Cu^2＋浓度与净化效率的关系，研究了Cu^2＋、H^＋、助剂N的浓度和温度对Cu^2＋氧化CuS效率的影响及H^＋、助剂N的浓度、空塔气速和温度对Cu^2＋空气氧化再生效率的影响。结果表明，该技术对H2S废气净化效率100％，Cu^2＋氧化CuS及Cu^2＋空气氧化再生条件温和、效果好，终产物硫磺纯度高。