Toxicological effects involved in risk assessment of rare earth lanthanum on roots of Vicia faba L. seedlings

Combined chemical analyses and biological measurements were utilized to investigate potential toxicological effects and possible mechanisms involved in risk assessment of rare earth elements (REEs) on Vicia faba L. seedlings, which were hydroponically cultivated and exposed to various concentrations of lanthanum (La) for 15 days. The results showed that La contents in both the solution and roots increased with the increase of extraneous La, contributing to hormetic dose responses of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and endoprotease (EP) isozymes activities, and HSP 70 production enhanced at low doses but suppressed at higher doses of La. These physiological responses constituted antioxidant and detoxification systems against La-induced oxidative stress. The elevated La levels also contributed to oxidatively modified proteins, which were most responsible for subsequent cell death and growth retardation of the roots. By combination of hormetic and traditional threshold dose levels, the threshold dose range was deduced to be 108-195 μg La/g dry weight in the roots, corresponding to 0.90-3.12 mg/L of soluble La in the culture solution. It suggests that persistent applications of REEs may lead to potential ecological risk in the environment.     

用过硫酸钠消解测定水中总磷的方法研究

测定水中总磷,通常采取过硫酸钾消解,使水样中所含磷全部氧化成正磷酸盐,用钼酸铵分光光度法进行测定.但是在实际工作过程中发现,过硫酸钾的溶解度较低,配制时间较长,并且在温度偏低时易析出过硫酸钾晶体,对实验的过程和结果产生一定的影响;而过硫酸钠易溶于水,配制容易,温度的变化对溶液浓度影响不大.研究用过硫酸钠代替过硫酸钾消解测定地表水中总磷的方法,并从校准曲线、样品测定、加标回收等几方面对两种方法进行了比较分析.     

高浓度有机废水二相厌氧消化过程特性研究

以填充床生物膜酸化反应器与上流式污泥床反应器（UASB）甲烷化反应器组成的二相厌氧消化装置处理高浓度啤酒废水或合成废水,最大处理能力为32～35kgCOD/d·m³。提出了二相工艺高负荷运行时最低必需酸化率的概念。进水浓度5000mgCOD/L,容积负荷30kgCOD/d·m³时,最低酸化率为28％。对主要操作参数的灵敏度分析表明,操作负荷、酸化率和进水碱度是影响COD去除率的主要操作参数。对二相厌氧消化系统中影响反应器内微生物群系的生态平衡、微生物本征活性和反应器宏观行为的主要因素进行了分类和综合讨论。     

北京气象塔夏季大气O3,NOx和CO浓度变化的观测实验

以北京325m气象塔为观测平台,于2002年夏季进行了大气污染物臭氧(O₃)及其前体物氮氧化物(NO_x)和气象要素加强期的同步观测.对观测资料做了详尽的分析,结果表明:边界层内存在明显的臭氧浓度(用体积分数表示)垂直差异;中午120m高度层存在O₃浓度最大值;低层O₃浓度呈明显的日变化,且昼夜振幅较大;夜间高层(280m)O₃的湍流混合和化学消耗较弱,可维持较高的浓度;局地光化学生成是白天边界层O₃的主要来源;降水天气过程可造成O₃及其前体物浓度的显著变化.     

某淀粉厂废水处理改造工程设计及运行

某淀粉厂在原有处理工艺的基础上增加厌氧UASB及好氧CASS工艺,完善了物化处理+生化处理的最佳工艺流程。运行结果表明:用该工艺处理淀粉废水,其出水水质达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》二级排放标准。     

苏州工业园区夜间光环境现状分析

为了了解苏州工业园区夜间光环境现状,本文通过对苏州工业园区夜间环境照度、亮度进行测量,对夜间广告与标志灯数量进行调查和统计分析,探讨了苏州工业园区的主要光环境问题,并提出光环境治理的对策和建议。     

Distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in surface water and sediments from Baiyangdian Lake in North China

Persistent organochlorine compounds, including hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were analyzed in surface water and sediments from Baiyangdian Lake, North China. Total concentrations of HCHs, DDTs and PCBs in surface water were in the range of 3.13-10.60, 4.05-20.59 and 19.46-131.62 ng/L, respectively, and total concentrations of HCHs, DDTs and PCBs in sediments were 1.75-5.70, 0.91-6.48 and 5.96-29.61 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Among the groups of HCHs (sum of α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH and δ-HCH) and DDTs (sum of DDT, DDD and DDE), the predominance of β-HCH, DDE and DDD in water and sediment samples was clearly observed. This observation suggested that β-HCH was resistant to biodegradation and the DDTs had been transformed to its metabolites, DDE and DDD. For PCBs, penta-, hexa- and hepta-chlorinated congeners were the most abundant compounds in the both phases. Furthermore, the partitioning of chlorinated compounds between sediment and water was investigated to understand their transport and fates in aquatic ecosystems. The results indicated that average logs of organic carbon-normalized sediment-water partition coefficients (logK_oc') for OCPs varied between 3.20 and 5.53, and for PCBs, logK_oc' values ranged from 3.19 to 5.57. The observed logK_oc' was lower than their equilibrium logK_oc predicted from linear model, which may be attributed to the solubility enhancement effect of colloidal matter in water phase and the disequilibrium between sediment and water.     

街道地表物的累积与污染特征：以成都市为例

本文研究了成都市区74km~2范围内地表物的累积规律和污染特征.结果表明,街道地表物累积受土地用途影响;地表有机物受人类活动的影响;重金属受城市交通的影响.粒径分布研究发现街道地表物小于360μm的微粒占70％,且各种污染物主要吸附于细小的微粒上.使用地表污染物边坎累积模型计算了街道地表物和各种污染物的累积量.成都市区每天累积地表物达111吨,BOD,达78kg,COD达411kg,克氏氮6kg和总磷2kg.     

生态增益补偿问题探讨——对东西部生态补偿争议的思考

针对生态补偿增益层面理论研究相对薄弱及当前我国大规模生态工程建设中支付主体单一、资金不足的问题,本文分别从法学、经济学、东西部差异三个角度,通过理论与实例分析相结合的方式,论述了东部对西部实施生态补偿的必要性,提出了将区外受益政府和直接受益行业纳入补偿支付主体,生态增益层面不宜对全社会征收生态税,以及暂时不宜实行自我补偿的政策建议。     

The influence of various additives on coagulation process at different dosing point: From a perspective of structure properties

Structure properties of flocs (size, fractal dimension (D_f), etc.) have a high impact on coagulation efficiency. In this work, the influences of three different additives (ferric salt (Fe), phosphate (P), and citric acid (CA)) on coagulation process/efficiency were investigated. Results showed that a small amount of extra Fe can facilitate the growth of Al flocs by providing more ‘active sites’. Although zeta potential and D_f showed a limited change, the average floc size increased apparently and the increment was more obvious when Fe was added after the formation of the flocs. In contrast, P addition during the rapid mixing period will decrease the final average floc size, while the influence is less significant when P was added after the growth of the flocs. In terms of CA, a more striking negative effect on the growth ability of the flocs was observed compared to P. The strong complexing/coordination interactions between CA and aluminum hydroxide is the main reason behind the influence. CA also significantly decreased the D_f value of the flocs compared to P, and D_f showed a comparatively higher decrease when P or CA was added during the rapid mixing stage compared to the addition after the flocs formation. These results indicated that the addition of CA or P during the rapid mixing stage ‘inactivated’ or occupied more ‘active sites’ on the preliminarily formed Al NPs during the hydrolysis process, and therefore presented stronger impact on the morphology/size of the formed flocs.