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91.
Illegal dumping of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) capacitors was discovered in Kobe, Japan, in 2001, leaving about 68 m(3) (92 tons) of soil contaminated with approximately 6.6 kg of PCBs. Solvent extraction technology carried out in 2002-2003 using isopropyl alcohol remedied the affected soil at the site. Forty-seven batch treatments were conducted during full-scale treatment. On average, 8.4 extraction cycles per batch were needed to achieve the clean-up goal for PCBs (i.e., the Japanese environmental quality standard for soil). Analytical results showed that the average PCB concentration (88 microg g(-1)-dry soil) in untreated soil samples of all the batches was decreased to 1.2 microg g(-1)-dry soil in treated soil samples, yielding a removal efficiency of 98.6%. Dioxin responsive-chemical activated luciferase gene expression assay (DR-CALUX) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) adopting a monoclonal antibody against 2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB #118) were used to rapidly screen soil samples before and after solvent extraction. The DR-CALUX and ELISA results were in good agreement with World Health Organization toxicity equivalent values and analytically determined PCB concentrations, respectively. Regular monitoring during the treatment period confirmed that the applied technology met Japanese environmental and control regulations concerning treatment and disposal of contaminated soils and treatment residues. After full-scale treatment, the amount of PCBs recovered from the solvent purification system approximated the estimated amount of PCBs spilled. 相似文献
92.
Green rust (Fe(4)(II)Fe(2)(III)(OH)(12)SO(4).3H(2)O) is an intermediate phase in the formation of iron (oxyhydr)oxides such as goethite, lepidocrocite, and magnetite. It is widely considered that green rust occurs in many soil and sediment systems. Green rust has been shown to reduce sorbed Se(VI), Cr(VI), and U(VI). In addition, it is also reported that green rust does not reduce As(V) to As(III). In this study, we have investigated for the first time the interaction between Sb(V) and green rust using XAFS and HPLC-ICP-MS. Most of the added Sb(V) was adsorbed on green rust, and Sb(III), a reduced form, was observed in both solid and liquid phases. Thus, it was shown that green rust has high affinity for Sb(V), and that Sb(V) was reduced to more toxic Sb(III) by green rust despite the high stability of the Sb(V) species even under reducing condition as reported in previous studies. Therefore, green rust can be one of the most important reducing agents for Sb(V), which can influence the Sb mobility in suboxic environments where green rust is formed. 相似文献
93.
Temporal trends and sources of PCDD/Fs, pentachlorophenol and chlornitrofen in paddy field soils along the Yoneshiro River basin, Japan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kobayashi J Sakai M Kajihara H Takahashi Y 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(3):1233-1242
In order to understand the long-term behaviors of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), pentachlorophenol (PCP), and 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl-4′-nitrophenyl ether (chlornitrofen, CNP) in paddy soil, we measured their concentrations in paddy soil samples collected in 1982 and 1984 (1980s) and in 2000 and 2002 (2000s) from the Yoneshiro River basin, Japan. The concentrations of PCP and CNP decreased from the 1980s to the 2000s, whereas the concentrations of PCDD/Fs and their toxic equivalency (WHO2006-TEQ) remained. The major sources of PCDD/Fs in the paddy soil samples were attributed to impurities in PCP and CNP as a result of comparisons of homologue and congener profiles and principal component analysis. Based on the results of comparison of total input and remaining amount, it is estimated that more than 99% of PCP and CNP applied to the paddy fields had disappeared, whereas most of the applied PCDD/Fs and TEQ remained. 相似文献
94.
We investigated the epilithic diatom assemblage of samples collected from three sites of the Hakata River, Fukuoka, Japan, on November 26, 2008. Each taxon was photographed and identified. The 1747 diatom frustules collected were classified into 33 taxa belonging to 17 genera. Nitzschia fonticola was abundant at all sites. The DAIpo (the diatom assemblage index to organic water pollution) values for sites 1, 2, and 3 were 50.2, 44.1 and 48.0, respectively, indicating that the water quality of the Hakata River was at β-mesosaprobic level. 相似文献
95.
Satoshi Mizutani Shin-ichi Sakai Hiroshi Takatsuki 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2000,2(1):16-23
Hydrogen generation from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash was investigated to understand the influences of contacting
method, kinds of contact solution, liquid to solid ratio, and particle size distribution of materials. Redox properties of
materials and hydrogen generation were also studied. The largest quantity of gas generated in contact with water was 29.1 ml/g-ash,
most of which was hydrogen. Fluidized bed fly ash generated more gas than stoker fly ash. In order to calculate the hydrogen
generation potential (the maximum quantity of gas generated in contact with water), a novel system using a Y-shaped test tube
and NaOH was utilized. This method gives values which are related to the quantity of generated gas in contact with water.
A relationship between the aluminum content and hydrogen generation potential was observed, especially for fluidized bed fly
ash. The reducing potential of fluidized bed fly ash was higher than that of stoker fly ash. Only fluidized bed fly ash showed
a positive correlation between aluminum content and reducing potential, and between reducing potential and hydrogen generation
potential. These results suggest that fluidized bed fly ash contains more Al0 than stoker fly ash.
Received: September 11, 1998 / Accepted: March 19, 1999 相似文献
96.
Hirofumi Sakanakura Masahiro Osako Akiko Kida Shin-ichi Sakai 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2011,13(1):56-67
The objective of this study was to design a procedure for an environmental availability test under both acidic and alkaline
conditions for solid wastes and recycled materials and products. The procedure was designed on the basis of the Dutch availability
test NEN 7371. Bottom ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator and copper slag were used as test materials. The influences
of the type and intensity of liquid stirring apparatus and the open area ratio of the top of the leaching vessel were investigated
experimentally, and partial least-squares modeling was applied as multivariate data analysis for the simultaneous evaluation
of the three leaching conditions. Interlaboratory validation was then carried out with the participation of seven laboratories
in accordance with JIS Z 8402-2/ISO 5725-2. Both repeatability and reproducibility were found to be acceptable, but precise
calibration of the pH electrode is required. The proposed procedure will provide sufficient accuracy as a standard test method. 相似文献
97.
Unit-charging programs for municipal solid waste in Japan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Unit-charging programs known as pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) for municipal solid waste in Japan were surveyed. The number of municipalities that have implemented PAYT for combustible waste totaled 954 (30%) in 2003. The introduction of PAYT programs peaked in the early 1970s and again in the 1990s. PAYT has tended to be adopted by municipalities with small populations (less than 30,000). PAYT charging systems can be roughly divided into two groups: simple unit-pricing programs and two-tiered pricing programs. It is difficult to see the relationship between PAYT and waste reduction by simple inspection of the overall changes throughout Japan. Case studies of four municipalities showed that the implementation of PAYT programs reduced the amount of residual waste generated by 20% to 30%. In combination with other measures, especially the recycling of containers and packaging, PAYT programs can bring about a dramatic reduction in waste. 相似文献
98.
Takashi Yamamoto Yukio Noma Shin-ichi Sakai 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2018,25(32):31819-31827
A series of verification tests were carried out in order to confirm that polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) contained in synthetic rubber products (Neoprene FB products) and aerosol adhesives, which were accidentally imported into Japan, could be thermally destroyed using an industrial waste incinerator. In the verification tests, Neoprene FB products containing PCNs at a concentration of 2800 mg/kg were added to industrial wastes at a ratio of 600 mg Neoprene FB product/kg-waste, and then incinerated at an average temperature of 985 °C. Total PCN concentrations were 14 ng/m3N in stack gas, 5.7 ng/g in bottom ash, 0.98 ng/g in boiler dust, and 1.2 ng/g in fly ash. Destruction efficiency (DE) and destruction removal efficiency (DRE) of congener No. 38/40, which is considered an input marker congener, were 99.9974 and 99.9995 %, respectively. The following dioxin concentrations were found: 0.11 ng-TEQ/m3N for the stack gas, 0.096 ng-TEQ/g for the bottom ash, 0.010 ng-TEQ/g for the boiler dust, and 0.072 ng-TEQ/g for the fly ash. Since the PCN levels in the PCN destruction test were even at slightly lower concentrations than in the baseline test without PCN addition, the detected PCNs are to a large degree unintentionally produced PCNs and does not mainly stem from input material. Also, the dioxin levels did not change. From these results, we confirmed that PCNs contained in Neoprene FB products and aerosol adhesives could be destroyed to a high degree by high-temperature incineration. Therefore, all recalled Neoprene FB products and aerosol adhesives containing PCNs were successfully treated under the same conditions as the verification tests. 相似文献
99.
Nguyen Thanh Dien Yasuhiro Hirai Shin-ichi Sakai 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2017,19(4):1342-1350
We estimated the in-use stocks of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Japan using a population balance model. The estimation is based on the domestic demand of PBDEs and the assumed survival rate of these products. Two cases relevant to the future regulation of commercial deca-BDE are considered, namely (1) deca-BDE declines at the same rate as the current rate of decline, and (2) deca-BDE is discontinued after 2020. The estimates of the decreasing rates of in-use penta-, octa-, and deca-BDE stocks were proportional with the measured decreases in the atmospheric concentrations of these substances. The in-use penta- and octa-BDE stocks could be depleted in the near future (500 and 60 tonne in 2013, and an estimated 20 and <1 tonne in 2020, respectively). Relevant to case 1, the in-use stocks of deca-BDE-containing products would be 28,000 tonne in 2013 and an estimated 1900 tonne in 2040, providing an ongoing source of deca-BDE emission to the environment. On the other hand, relevant to case 2, most of the deca-BDE would be phased out by 2040. The atmospheric emissions of deca-BDE were predicted at 84–841 kg/year in 2013 and an estimated 43–425 kg/year in 2020. 相似文献
100.
Combustible and incombustible speciation of Cl and S in various components of municipal solid waste 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Chlorine (Cl) and sulfur (S) in municipal solid waste (MSW) are important reactive elements during combustion. They generate the acidic pollutants HCl and SOx, and, furthermore, produce and suppress organic chlorinated compounds. Nevertheless, few practical reports about Cl and S content in MSW have been published. In combustion and recycling processes, both combustible Cl and S, and incombustible Cl and S species are equally important. This paper presents the results of a comprehensive study about combustible and incombustible Cl and S in MSW components, including kitchen garbage, paper, textiles, wood and leaves, plastics and small chips. By integrating this collected data with data about MSW composition, not only the overall content of Cl and S in MSW, but also the origins of both combustible and incombustible Cl and S were estimated. The average Cl content in bulk MSW was 3.7 g/kg of raw MSW, of which 2.7 and 1.0 g/kg were combustible and incombustible, respectively. The Cl contribution from plastics was 76% and 27% with respect to combustible and incombustible states. The average S content in bulk MSW was 0.81 g/kg of raw MSW, of which 0.46 g/kg was combustible and 0.35 g/kg was incombustible. Combustible S was mainly due to synthetic textiles, while incombustible S was primarily from paper. 相似文献