重金属废水的生物治理技术研究进展

重金属污染水体的修复是目前研究的热点之一,其中生物治理技术尤其得到了广泛关注。利用菌类微生物的表面结构特性及其生化代谢作用,通过吸附法、代谢法、絮凝法等将重金属元素与水体分离或降低其毒性,可达到废水治理的目的。运用藻类细胞壁对重金属离子的化学吸附作用,可从水体中分离出重金属离子,国内外对此进行了广泛研究。种植能富集重金属的水生植物可有效治理受污染的天然水体。基因工程技术在这一领域的应用,加强了菌类和微藻的吸附、代谢、絮凝功能,提高了废水处理能力。固定化技术的应用提高了废水治理的效率及稳定性,有力地推动了重金属废水微生物治理技术的发展。文章综述了近年来国内外在利用微生物及植物技术治理重金属废水方面的研究进展,并对其发展方向进行了展望。     

Effect of molecular weight of dissolved organic matter on toxicity and bioavailability of copper to lettuce

To clarify the e ects of molecular weight of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the toxicity and bioavailability of copper (Cu) to plants, DOM extracted from chicken manure was ultra-filtered into four fractions according to their molecular weights by means of sequential-stage ultrafiltration technique. Lettuce seeds were germinated by being exposed to the solutions containing Cu2+ with or without di erent fractions of DOM. The concentration of copper in roots, leaves, sprouts and the length of roots were investigated. The results showed that not all fractions of DOM could improve copper availability or toxicity. The fraction of DOM with larger molecular weight more than 1 kDa had higher complexation stability with Cu2+ and caused lower concentration of free Cu2+ ion in the solution of copper plus the fraction, resulting in lower availability and toxicity of copper to lettuce, but the fraction with molecular weight less than 1 kDa had the opposite function. Therefore, the molecular weight of 1 kDa may be the division point to determine DOM to increase or decrease copper availability and toxicity.     

长春市主要街路代表性植物叶片铅含量分析

应用火焰原子吸收光谱法,对长春市14条主要街路交通密集地段两侧绿化带中采集到的12种代表性植物叶片的铅含量进行了分析。结果表明,植物叶片的铅含量范围在8.20 mg/kg～58.5 mg/kg之间,平均值为19.7 mg/kg。木本植物叶片的平均铅富集能力略低于草本植物,并且木本植物叶片平均铅含量的空间变异性较大;木本植物中杨树叶片的平均铅富集能力最强而榆树最低,草本植物中绣线菊的叶片平均铅富集能力最强而八宝景天最低;草本植物中绣线菊的叶片在所有供试植物叶片中平均铅富集能力最强,其次为木本植物中杨树的叶片,而草本植物中八宝景天的叶片平均铅富集能力最低。不同植物在同一街路以及同种植物在不同街路之间其叶片的铅含量都不同。     

Removal of tetrachlorobisphenol A and the effects on bacterial communities in a hybrid sequencing biofilm batch reactor-constructed wetland system

SBBR-CW system was proposed to effectively treat wastewater containing TCBPA. CW unit contributed more than SBBR to the removal of TCBPA. TCBPA changed the composition and structure of bacterial community in the system. GAOs massively grew in SBBR, but did not deteriorate TP removal efficiency. Tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) released into the sewage may cause environmental pollution and health risk to human beings. The objective of this study was to investigate the removal of TCBPA and bacterial community structures in a laboratory-scale hybrid sequencing biofilm batch reactor (SBBR)-constructed wetland (CW) system. The results showed that the removal efficiency of chemical oxidation demand (COD), ammonia, total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the SBBR-CW system was 96.7%, 97.3%, 94.4%, and 88.6%, respectively. At the stable operation stage, the system obtained a 71.7%±1.8% of TCBPA removal efficiency with the influent concentration at 200 mg/L. Illumina MiSeq sequencing of 16S rRNA gene revealed that the presence of TCBPA not only reduced the bacterial diversity in the SBBR-CW system, but also altered the composition and structure of bacterial community. After the addition of TCBPA, Proteobacteria increased from 31.3% to 38.7%, while Acidobacteria and Parcubacteria decreased greatly in the SBBR. In contrast, Acidobacteria replaced Proteobacteria as the dominant phylum in the upper soils of CW. The results indicated that TCBPA stimulated the growth of GAOs in the SBBR without deteriorating the phosphorus removal due to the presence of sufficient carbon sources. The ammonia oxidizing bacteria, Nitrosomonas, and denitrification bacteria, Hyphomicrobium and Pseudomonas, were inhibited by TCBPA, resulting in a decreasing the removal efficiency of TN and ammonia.     

印染污泥无害化处置优化研究及生命周期评价

提出印染污泥的优化处置方案,并通过生命周期评价方法(LCA)对优化方案进行环境影响评价。结果表明:与原处置工艺相比优化后环境负荷降低了11.50%。     

气候变暖对中国夏热冬冷地区居住建筑采暖降温年耗电量的影响

20世纪80年代中期以来的气候变暖,尤其是90年代中期以来的气候显著变暖带给社会经济发展的利与弊,一直以来受到广泛关注。气候变暖对于建筑耗能,尤其是对采暖和降温总耗能的影响很值得研究。论文以主要使用电能进行空间调节的中国夏热冬冷地区为对象,以《夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准JCJ134-2001》中所规定的采暖、降温耗电量限值为依据,研究了气候变暖对该区居住建筑单位面积采暖年耗电量、降温年耗电量及采暖降温年耗电总量的影响。结果表明,1986年以来的气候变暖,尤其是1996年以来的气候显著变暖,理论上使夏热冬冷地区居住建筑单位面积采暖年耗电量降低;同时增加了相当一部分地区居住建筑单位面积降温年耗电量;除个别地区外,气候变暖理论上使中国夏热冬冷地区居住建筑单位面积采暖降温耗电总量普遍下降。     

Modification of the activated sludge model for chemical dosage

Full-scale experiments have been carried out to adapt the activated sludge model ASM2d to include the influence of metal dosage (Fe³⁺ and Al³⁺) for phosphorus removal. Phosphorus removal rates, nitrification rates, as well as pH and sludge settling performance, were evaluated as functions of the metal dosages. Furthermore, models relating certain parameters to the dosage of chemicals have been derived. Corresponding parameters in the ASM2d and the secondary settler models, included in the Benchmark Simulation Model No 1 (BSM1), have been modified to take the metal influence into consideration. Based on the effluent limits and penalty policy of China, an equivalent evaluation method was derived for the total cost assessment. A large number of 300-day steady-state and 14-day open-loop dynamic simulations were performed to demonstrate the difference in behavior between the original and the modified BSM1. The results show that 1) both in low and high mole concentrations, Fe³⁺ addition results in a higher phosphorus removal rate than Al³⁺; 2) the sludge settling velocity will increase due to the metal addition; 3) the respiration rate of the activated sludge is decreased more by the dosage of Al³⁺ than Fe³⁺; 4) the inhibition of Al³⁺ on the nitrification rate is stronger than that of Fe³⁺; 5) the total operating cost will reach the minimum point for smaller dosages of Fe³⁺, but always increase with Al³⁺ addition.     

关于自然资源核算的研究进展与争议问题

十八届三中全会提出要探索编制自然资源资产负债表,对领导干部实行自然资源资产离任审计.自然资源核算是编制自然资源资产负债表的首要工作,为了促进生态文明建设,建立我国自然资源资产负债表制度,也需要对自然资源进行科学的核算.论文从核算项目分类,理论方法和实践应用三个方面综述了国内外自然资源核算的研究进展,力图厘清国内外自然资源核算研究的共识与争议问题.西方国家资源核算研究起步较早,在理论方法和实际应用方面已取得了丰富的成果.与之相比,我国的研究还主要集中在理论分析层面,自然资源的核算方法多是沿用国外的估价模型,缺乏创新.目前,国内外普遍按照先实物量再价值量,先存量再流量,先分类再综合的原则进行自然资源核算研究.但是,各国的核心项目分类尚未统一,自然资源估价方法的选择还存在争议.在实践方面,联合国等五大机构联合发布的SEEA受到世界各国的广泛追捧,很多国家开始在此基础上探索本国的资源核算体系.通过比较分析国内外的研究进展和共识问题,论文提出了我国自然资源资产负债表编制需要解决的问题,包括确定核算项目,选择估价方法,分步推进自然资源核算和自然资源核算与自然资源资产负债表的衔接.这些问题的解决思路主要从四个方面展开:选择可控或拥有的,产权明晰的自然资源作为核算项目,充分考虑资源要素的经济,生态和社会价值选择估价方法,优先建立单项资源的区域自然资源核算体系,结合各方力量设计我国统一的自然资源核算标准.根据上述思路,开展自然资源核算研究,将资源环境核算纳入国民经济核算,构建自然资源核算框架体系,是编制我国自然资源资产负债表的一项重要内容,对顺利开展生态文明建设具有重要意义.     

青岛大气气溶胶中微量元素溶解度及影响因素

利用2012年12月在青岛采集的31个总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）样品,分析其中11种微量元素的总浓度和溶解态浓度,讨论了沙尘负载、气溶胶来源、酸过程及天气条件对微量元素溶解度的影响.结果表明,Fe和Al的溶解度<5%,Pb、Ba、Bi的为10%左右,Cu、V、Cd、Mn的为20%~30%,Zn和As的约为40%.随着沙尘负载量的增加,气溶胶中微量元素溶解度呈规律性递减.气团后向轨迹聚类分析和正矩阵因子分析（PMF）结果显示,受人为源影响的气溶胶中微量元素溶解度明显高于受沙尘源影响的,受二次生成源和海洋源影响的的气溶胶中微量元素溶解度明显高于受土壤源影响的.大气酸过程是造成这些差异的主要原因.相关性分析表明,SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和有机酸等酸组分均对微量元素溶解度有一定影响.霾天时气溶胶中微量元素溶解度明显低于雾天的,其原因为酸组分在较高的相对湿度下更能促进微量元素溶解度的提高.     

First determination of Cu adsorption on soil humin

Humic substances are heterogeneous mixtures of organic compounds occurring in huge amounts mainly in waters, soils, sediments and organic wastes. They are formed during the decay of living organisms. They play a very important role in many environmental processes including carbon sequestration, water cleaning and retention, soil erosion, fertility and pollutant retention. However, due to their complex nature, humic substances are still poorly characterized and much less known than living matter. Humin is the most insoluble and, in turn, the least understood fraction of humic substances. To our knowledge, no information is currently available on the adsorption and desorption behaviors of metal ions on soil humin. Here, we report the adsorption and desorption properties of Cu(II) on humin and humic acids isolated from a forest soil in northeast China using the batch equilibration method. Solid-state ¹³C cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C CPMAS NMR) spectroscopy was used to characterize and compare the chemical structures of humin and humic acid. The batch experiments’ results show that humin has a lower adsorption capacity and higher adsorption reversibility for Cu(II) than humic acid. The adsorption isotherms well fitted both the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. Humin, therefore, plays an important role in controlling the fate, transport and bioavailability of Cu(II) in the environment. The ¹³C CPMAS NMR spectra showed that compared with humic acid, humin was higher in alkyl C, carbohydrate C and phenolic C and was lower in methoxyl C, aryl C and carbonyl C. These findings mean that humin was less alkylated, more aliphatic and more hydrophobic.