渤海海冰作为淡水资源：脱盐机理与可利用价值

我国北部沿海地区缺水问题十分严重,但冬季在渤海及黄海北部形成较大范围的海冰。海冰因其成冰过程中盐分大量析出而盐度很低,可能成为解决这些地区缺水问题的重要淡水资源。论文根据实地观测和室内不同盐度海水的实验分析,阐述了渤海海冰盐度变化和海水成冰脱盐过程,并采用二次成冰脱盐和离心脱盐等方法,分析了海冰经进一步人工淡化的可能性,探讨了海冰作为淡水资源的可利用价值。     

牛粪燃烧实时排放挥发性有机物特征研究

在实验室模拟青海和西藏2种牛粪在民用炉具中的燃烧过程,采用稀释通道系统与质子转移飞行时间质谱（PTR-TOF-MS）在线分析牛粪燃烧排放的挥发性有机物（VOCs）,通过电子秤实时记录燃料质量的动态变化,获得牛粪燃烧排放VOCs浓度的时间序列与实时排放因子.结果表明,70g牛粪一次燃烧过程持续1100~1500s.牛粪燃烧排放VOCs浓度的时间变化趋势总体上呈单峰分布;西藏牛粪在燃烧450s左右VOCs浓度达到峰值7.92×10^-6;青海牛粪在燃烧400s左右VOCs浓度达到峰值6.01×10^-6.牛粪燃烧VOCs实时排放因子变化范围为40.74~156.88mg/g,趋势不同于VOCs浓度变化,随燃烧过程进行排放因子呈上升趋势.牛粪燃烧至3~4min左右,VOCs排放因子最低.甲醇、甲醛和乙醛3种VOCs排放因子占比最大,其中西藏牛粪燃烧3种VOCs排放占比分别为24.0%±1.9%、11.9%±1.8%和27.4%±1.4%,青海牛粪为22.0%±1.1%、13.3%±2.9%和17.7%±4.6%.本研究首次给出了牛粪燃烧VOCs实时排放因子,可为高时间分辨率排放清单建立和青藏高原地区室内空气污染的健康效应研究提供基础数据.     

三峡库区消落区水体-沉积物重金属迁移转化特征

结合三峡水库反季节调度模式,对消落区沉积物中Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr这4种重金属的存在形态及迁移转化特征进行研究.结果表明,不同重金属在消落区沉积物中形态分布各异,Cu主要以有机物及硫化物结合态和残渣态形式存在,Pb主要以碳酸盐结合态、Fe-Mn氧化物结合态及残渣态存在,Cd主要以碳酸盐结合态、Fe-Mn氧化物结合态存在,Cr主要以残渣态存在.伴随着消落过程的进行,汛期出露沉积物的有机质及AVS含量下降、ORP升高、pH值降低,沉积物中可提取态重金属的相对含量显著下降,重金属具有向水体迁移趋势, Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr平均迁移率分别为30.50%、 26.10%、 33.50%和11.77%,4种重金属的迁移性大小依次为Cd>Cu>Pb>Cr.可提取态Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr对重金属迁移贡献率分别为77.15%、 86.09%、 94.86%和32.34%,可提取态是重金属发生迁移的主要部分.研究结果表明, 消落区重金属迁移呈"缓释"特征,三峡水库的反季节调度模式有利于缓解消落区重金属迁移诱导的生态风险,库区水体重金属含量处于较低水平.     

Aging-independent and size-dependent genotoxic response induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mammalian cells

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles(TiO_2 NPs) are subjected to various transformation processes(chemical, physical and biological processes) in the environment, potentially affecting their bioavailability and toxic properties. However, the size variation of TiO_2 NPs during aging process and subsequent effects in mammalian cells are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to illustrate the adverse effects of TiO_2 NPs in different sizes(5, 15 and 100 nm) during aging process on human-hamster hybrid(A_L) cells. There was an aging-time dependent enhancement of average hydrodynamic size in TiO_2 NPs stock suspensions. The cytotoxicity of fresh TiO_2 NPs increased in a size-dependent manner; in contrast, their genotoxicity decreased with the increasing sizes of NPs. No significant toxicity difference was observed in cells exposed to either fresh or 60 day-aged TiO_2 NPs. Both Fresh and aged TiO_2 NPs efficiently induced mitochondrial dysfunction and activated Caspase-3/7 in a size-dependent manner.Using mitochondrial-DNA deficient(ρ~0) ALcells, we further discovered that mitochondrial dysfunction made significant contribution to the size-dependent toxicity induced by TiO_2 NPs during the aging process. Taken together, our data indicated that TiO_2 NPs could significantly induced the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in an aging time-independent and size-dependent manner, which were triggered by mitochondrial dysfunction. Our study suggested the necessity to include size as an additional parameter for the cautious monitoring of TiO_2 NPs disposal before entering the environment.     

Activation of cadmium under simulated solar illumination and its impact on the mobility of Cd in flooded soils

In waterlogged paddy soils, cadmium (Cd) can be precipitated as cadmium sulfide (CdS) under reductive environment, thereby limiting the absorption of Cd by plants. Multiple environmental factors (such as water, pH, and Eh) played a role in the control of Cd mobility and bioavailability. In this study, we investigated the influence of the solar irradiation on the photodissolution of synthetic CdS-montmorillonite composites (CdS-M) in solution and the stability of Cd in natural soil. The release kinetic of Cd²⁺ showed that after the irradiation of simulated sunlight, CdS-M composites became less stable compared to the dark control. The solar irradiation seemed to enhance the release of Cd²⁺ from CdS significantly and continuously. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and quenching experiments confirmed that the photogenerated holes, ?O₂^? and ?OH, were possibly involved in the photo-induced release of Cd²⁺, while the holes was primarily responsible for the reaction. Irradiation under alkaline solution or the presence of DOM, PO₄^3?, CO₃^2?, and urea markedly inhibited the photodissolution process of CdS. The photo-mediated activation of Cd was further confirmed in paddy soil under natural sunlight, with a nearly threefold increase in concentration of extractable Cd during the 15 days of irradiation. This study highlights the importance of photochemical transformation of Cd in the environmental water and soil.