Can arbuscular mycorrhiza and fertilizer management reduce phosphorus runoff from paddy fields?

Our study sought to assess how much phosphorus (P) runoff from paddy fields could be cut down by fertilizer management and inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. A field experiment was conducted in Lalin River basin, in the northeast China: six nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium fertilizer levels were provided (0, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of the recommended fertilizer supply), with or without inoculation with Glomus mosseae. The volume and concentrations of particle P (PP) and dissolved P (DP) were measured for each runoff during the rice growing season. It was found that the seasonal P runoff, including DP and PP, under the local fertilization was 3.7 kg/ha, with PP, rather than DP, being the main form of P in runoff water. Additionally, the seasonal P runoff dropped only by 8.9% when fertilization decreased by 20%; rice yields decreased with declining fertilization. We also found that inoculation increased rice yields and decreased P runoff at each fertilizer level and these effects were lower under higher fertilization. Conclusively, while rice yields were guaranteed arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation and fertilizer management would play a key role in reducing P runoff from paddy fields.     

低浓度苯系物在新疆干旱区土壤中的吸附行为研究

采集新疆干旱区石化废水库附近区域土壤,以苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯(间、对二甲苯)等典型苯系物为研究对象,系统研究低浓度苯系物在干旱区土壤上的吸附行为,分析土壤有机质含量,溶液p H、溶液含盐量、温度对苯系物吸附的影响。结果显示土壤对低浓度苯系物的吸附16 h达到平衡;吸附等温线经拟合后符合Henry直线型吸附模型;土壤对苯系物的吸附量随着土壤有机质含量的增加而增加,土壤有机质含量与吸附量呈显著正相关(P0.01,R2≥0.919);溶液p H值对吸附过程无明显作用;随着溶液含盐量增大,土壤对苯系物的吸附量表现为先减小,再稳定;温度升高会抑制土壤对苯系物的吸附作用。     

火电站污水处理厂最佳投药量优化试验研究

火电厂污水水质和水量变化较大,絮凝剂和助凝剂投药量准确与否决定去除效率和运行成本,本研究针对火电厂实际运行情况,通过静态和动态实验,比较去除效率。根据水质和水量的变化,找到最佳投药量,为污水处理厂的最佳运行提供了参考依据。     

生态系统与人类福祉:工商业的机遇与挑战

工商业在两个方面与生态系统和生态系统服务相互联系：它们使用各种服务。同时促成生态系统的变化。“千年评估”发现。评估涉及的生态系统服务中。有2／3的服务功能正在退化或被人们以非持续的方式利用。这对整个世界来说具有普遍的严重后果，它将从三个主要方面影响工商业。     

生物脱氮研究的新进展——全程自养脱氮工艺

介绍了生物脱氮研究的最新进展———全程自养脱氮工艺,并全面、系统地论述和分析了全程自养脱氮工艺的机理、自养脱氮工艺实现方式及其特点与技术关键,并指出了今后应着重研究的几个方面。     

Green and efficient degradation of cefoperazone sodium by Bi4O5Br2 leading to the production of non-toxic products: Performance and degradation pathway

Photocatalytic process represents a promising approach to overcome the pollution challenge associated with the antibiotics-containing wastewater. This study provides a green, efficient and novel approach to remove cephalosporins, particularly cefoperazone sodium (CFP). Bi₄O₅Br₂ was chosen for the first time to systematically study its degradation for CFP, including the analysis of material structure, degradation performance, the structure and toxicity of the transformation products, etc. The degradation rate results indicated that Bi₄O₅Br₂ had an excellent catalytic activity leading to 78% CFP removal compared with the pure BiOBr (38%) within 120 min of visible light irradiation. In addition, the Bi₄O₅Br₂ presents high stability and good organic carbon removal efficiency. The effects of the solution pH (3.12 - 8.75) on catalytic activity revealed that CFP was mainly photocatalyzed under acidic conditions and hydrolyzed under alkaline conditions. Combined with active species and degradation product identification, the photocatalytic degradation pathways of CFP by Bi₄O₅Br₂ was proposed, including hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction and decarboxylation. Most importantly, the identified products were all hydrolysis rather than oxidation byproducts transformed from the intermediate of β-lactam bond cleavage in CFP molecule, quite different from the mostly previous studies. Furthermore, the final products were demonstrated to be less toxic through the toxicity analysis. Overall, this study illustrates the detailed mechanism of CFP degradation by Bi₄O₅Br₂ and confirms Bi₄O₅Br₂ to be a promising material for the photodegradation of CFP.     

A large-scale outdoor atmospheric simulation smog chamber for studying atmospheric photochemical processes: Characterization and preliminary application

Understanding the formation mechanisms of secondary air pollution is very important for the formulation of air pollution control countermeasures in China. Thus, a large-scale outdoor atmospheric simulation smog chamber was constructed at Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (the CRAES Chamber), which was designed for simulating the atmospheric photochemical processes under the conditions close to the real atmospheric environment. The chamber consisted of a 56-m³ fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Teflon film reactor, an electrically-driven stainless steel alloy shield, an auxiliary system, and multiple detection instrumentations. By performing a series of characterization experiments, we obtained basic parameters of the CRAES chamber, such as the mixing ability, the background reactivity, and the wall loss rates of gaseous compounds (propene, NO, NO₂, ozone) and aerosols (ammonium sulfate). Oxidation experiments were also performed to study the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA), including α-pinene ozonolysis, propene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene photooxidation. Temperature and seed effects on the vapor wall loss and SOA yields were obtained in this work: higher temperature and the presence of seed could reduce the vapor wall loss; SOA yield was found to depend inversely on temperature, and the presence of seed could increase SOA yield. The seed was suggested to be used in the chamber to reduce the interaction between the gas phase and chamber walls. The results above showed that the CRAES chamber was reliable and could meet the demands for investigating tropospheric chemistry.     

采用活性污泥富集与回收废水中碳源的实验研究

以活性污泥为吸附剂,研究了城市污水中的有机物的强化富集与有效回收的方法与参数.在连续运行模式下,活性污泥对废水中的有机物具有较好的富集效果,COD平均吸附率达到63%,且约50%的溶解性碳源分布在细胞外部,在温和条件下就能被解吸;对氮、磷的吸附效果差异较大,磷的吸附量可达76%,对氮的吸附量较小,氨氮吸附率仅13%.同时,实验还研究了常规 (pH=7.5, 20℃)、加热（pH=7.5, 60℃）和碱性加热（pH=11, 60℃）条件下,污泥水解对有机物、氮和磷的释放情况.结果表明,碱性加热条件更有利于碳源的释放,水解24 h后,挥发性悬浮固体（VSS）对COD的释放率达到了320 mg/g;但氮、磷的释放量有限,释放率（水解8 h,稳定）分别为18 mg/g和2 mg/g.利用活性污泥对污染物的吸附与解吸作用,能够实现废水中碳源的回收,且回收碳源中氮、磷浓度低,对回收碳源的再利用效果影响较小.     

重大冰雪灾害应急管理能力评价体系研究

深入分析了重大冰雪灾害应急管理能力评价体系的构建依据,提出了评价体系结构.首先根据全过程管理理论及系统论中的层次分析法,构造了重大冰雪灾害应急管理能力集,在此基础上结合冰雪灾害的特点提出了能力因素集.其次调研湖南省30位政府部门应急管理专家,根据专家意见最后确立重大冰雪灾害应急管理能力评价体系结构,为能力评价研究打下基...     

磷在农田溪流中的动态变化

磷是水体富营养化的限制因子,河流系统是农业非点源污染物的主要运移通道,污染物在河流中的持留控制着污染物向受纳水体的输出.本次研究对象是巢湖流域一个长约1.8 km的农田源头溪流六岔河,河流由4个渠道型、1个水塘型和3个河口型断面构成,长度分别为1.3 km、0.15 km和0.36 km.在河流上设置9个监测点研究总磷、磷酸盐和悬浮物在六岔河中的持留空间特征,评价人为严重干扰下的农田溪流在农业非点源污染物运移中的生态功能.结果表明:总磷、磷酸盐、悬浮物在溪流中的持留和释放受溪流的渠道型、水塘型和河口型断面控制,水塘型和河口型断面是污染物持留的主要区域,总磷、磷酸盐和悬浮物在水塘型、河口型断面内的持留量分别占溪流持留量的58%、77%和58%;污染物在降雨-径流过程中的持留是溪流持留的主要部分,总磷、磷酸盐和悬浮物的持留分别占溪流持留量的96%、98%和93%;渠道型断面是溪流最主要的内在污染源,总磷、磷酸盐和悬浮物的释放分别占溪流释放量的93%、99%和94%;养分和悬浮物在渠道型断面中具有不同的持留特性,而位于水塘前的渠道型断面在基流和降雨-径流过程中均能有效地持留污染物.