氮肥厂废水综合治理工程实践

通过工程实例，阐述了提高水资源的综合利用率和推行清洁生产的具体措施。     

旬东煤矿井下永久避难硐室构建研究

避难硐室的构建研究对硐室安全避险功能的实现具有重要意义。根据旬东井下人员分布及巷道布置情况,确定利用4-2采煤区现有巷道构建100人规模永久避难硐室;根据巷道尺寸、人均面积及设备体积等,计算得硐室有效宽度为4.6m,高度为3.5m,总长度为63.4m,人均面积为1.2m2;通过气密试验,测定0.135MPa避险区内外压差可达1980Pa;通过分析人员避险需求,确定旬东永久避难硐室生命保障系统由防火防爆系统、密闭缓冲系统、气幕隔绝系统、供氧系统、制冷除湿系统及附属系统组成。     

海绵铁感应热固定床对染料废水脱色研究

感应热固定床(IHBF)在有机废水非均相反应中,通过能量靶向作用于磁性滤料微界面,形成固液相界面高温微反应区,实现了有机废水低能耗高效降解.本文探讨了海绵铁感应热固定床处理直接紫D-BL废水的运行条件和机理.结果表明,在进水pH值6~7,水温为30 ℃,HRT为2.08min的条件下,运行30min后脱色率高达93.5%.降解溶液的UV-vis结果表明,直接紫D-BL在554nm和220nm的特征峰消失.通过SEM-EDS技术对Ni-SI降解前后的样品进行表征,结果显示,降解后Ni-SI中的Fe形成了Fe的氧化物和氢氧化物.根据降解、表征分析其反应机理,推断是直接紫D-BL首先吸附在海绵铁颗粒表面,接着铁与水反应产生的H2在Ni的催化和局部高温作用下产生大量的氢自由基,并与直接紫D-BL发生催化还原反应,使得分子中最毒性的共轭双键和苯环断开而降解.此外对酸性黑10B废水、直接大红D-GLN废水和实际染料废水分别进行试验,脱色率分别达到82%、78%、81%左右,表明海绵铁感应热固定床在染料工业废水处理中具有良好的应用潜力.     

Diffusive gradient in thin-film (DGT) models Cd and Pb uptake by plants growing on soils amended with sewage sludge and urban compost

Food contamination by Cd and Pb is of increasing concern because contaminated composts and sewage sludges are used as soil fertilizers. Indeed, Cd and Pb from sewage sludge and compost can be transferred to plants and, in turn, to food. Predicting the quantity of metals transferred to plants is difficult and actual models are unable to give accurate concentrations. Therefore, new techniques are needed. For instance, diffusive gradient in thin-film (DGT) is commonly used to measure metal bioavailability in waters, sediments and soils, but DGT has not been well studied for metal uptake in plants. Moreover, actual models for soil–plant transfer are too complex and require many soil parameters. Here, we simplified the modelization of metal uptake by plants by considering only DGT fluxes and roots surfaces. We grew durum wheat in a greenhouse on sandy soils amended with urban compost or sewage sludge. Results show that Cd uptake was slightly underestimated when whole roots were considered as an absorbing surface. For Pb, the best estimation was found by using root tip surface. Overall, our model ranks correctly the samples but underestimates Pb uptake by 15 % and Cd uptake by 45 %. It is nonetheless a simpler way of modelling by using only DGT fluxes and root system morphology.     

In vitro agonistic and antagonistic endocrine disrupting effects of organic extracts from waste water of different treatment processes

Effluents from wastewater treatment plant （WWTP） have been reported to have a broad spectrum of endocrine disrupting compounds （EDCs）. The majority of studies have focused on the occurrence of estrogenic activity, while ignoring nuclear hormone receptors （NRs） pathways. In the present study, a battery of in vitro yeast bioassays and a cell bioassay, including antagonistic and agonistic effects on estrogen receptor （ER）, androgen receptor （AR）, progesterone receptor （PR）, estrogen- related receptor （ERR） and aryl hydrocarbon receptor （AHR）, were conducted to evaluate the removal efficien- cies of EDCs by different treatment processes of a WWTP located in Beijing. Estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, anti- androgenic, anti-progesteronic, anti-ERR and the activa- tion of AHR activities were detected in samples from all treatment processes and the receiving water. The concen- tration of estrogenic contaminants with estradiol （E2） equivalent concentrations ranged from 0.82 x 10-9 to 3.54 x 10 9g Ee_EQ.L-1. The concentration of anti-estrogenic contaminants with 4-hydroxytamoxifen （4-OHT） equiva- lent concentrations ranged from 1.24 × 10-6 to 2.36 x 10-6 g 4-OHT-EQ.L-1. The concentration of anti-androgenic contaminants ranged from 2.21 x 10-s to 3.52 × 10-6g flutamide-EQ. L-1. The concentration of anti-progesteronic contaminants ranged from 3.15 x 10^-5 to 2.71 x 10^-4g RU486-EQ. L-1. The concentration of anti-ERR contami- nants ranged from 7.09 x 10-5 to 6.50 x 104 g 4-OHT-EQ × L^-10. The concentration of AHR activators ranged from 1.7 × 10-10 to 3.4 × 10^-10g TCDD-EQ-L-1. These processes including secondary clarifier, coagulation, as well as coal and sand filtration could eliminated 67.2% of estrogenic contaminants, 47.0% of anti-estrogenic contaminants, 98.3% of anti-androgenic contaminants, 88.4% of anti- progesteronic contaminants, 65.4% of anti-ERR contami- nants and 46.9% of AHR activators. WWTP effluents contain multiple receptor disruptors may have very complex adverse effects on exposed organisms.     

硫酸溶液中二氧化硫的臭氧化过程影响因素的研究

为了优化SO2液相氧化产硫酸过程中的试验操作条件,研究了在O3氧化SO2的过程中反应器进口气体中SO2浓度、O3浓度及臭氧化氧气流量对SO2氧化效果的影响规律。结果表明,在反应器进口气体中低浓度的SO2和高浓度的O3均利于溶液中SO2的氧化,液相氧化时反应器进口气体中SO2的体积比控制在20 000 mL/m3以内为宜。溶液ORP是考察O3氧化SO2的重要指标,溶液ORP降低较快时硫酸根产率较高,表明O3对SO2的氧化效果较好。臭氧化氧气流量增大并不能使硫酸根产率增加。在吸收液硫酸质量分数为3%,气相SO2体积比为6667mL/m3,臭氧化氧气体积流量为1.5 L/min,氮气体积流量为1.5 L/min时,硫酸根产率达到100%。同时,通过研究吸收液硫酸浓度与温度对溶液中的O3饱和浓度影响,得到在稀硫酸(质量分数小于10%)溶液中,O3达到饱和时质量分数较浓硫酸(质量分数大于等于10%)溶液中O3质量分数高,而且吸收液温度越低越利于O3溶解。     

HAZOP、LOPA和SIL方法的应用分析

通过概括介绍危险与可操作性分析(HAZOP)、保护层分析(LOPA)和安全完整性等级分析(SIL)三种方法的特点,总结三种分析方法之间的关系.LOPA分析是HAZOP分析的继续,可以解决HAZOP分析中残余风险不能定量化的不足,是对HAZOP分析结果的丰富和补充;SIL分析则在LOPA分析的基础上,进一步对需要增加的安全仪表系统(SIS)进行设计,并对LOPA分析结果进行验证,即HAZOP、LOPA分析是SIL分析的前期准备工作.因此,在详细介绍SIS的组成、安全生命周期阶段、SIL的选择确定方法以及SIL分析流程之前,也简要介绍了HAZOP、LOPA分析方法,梳理了两种方法的分析流程.最后通过引入示例来展示三种分析方法之间的关系.     

不同波段下黄海中二甲基硫光氧化动力学研究

采集黄海表层海水样品,在模拟太阳光照射条件下研究二甲基硫(DMS)在UVB(280、295和305nm)、UVA(320、345和395nm)和可见光(435和495nm)8个不同波段下的光化学氧化动力学行为,并探讨其对二甲亚砜(DMSO)生成的贡献率.研究结果表明,DMS光氧化过程均符合一级反应动力学方程,在UVB、UVA和可见光波段的光氧化速率常数分别为2.71~5.52、2.23~4.09和1.5~2.65d^-1.同一样品UVB波段下DMS的氧化速率明显大于UVA和可见光波段下的速率,且在280nm下最大.随着光照时间的增长,海水样品中DMS浓度与有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的光谱吸收系数(α(355))表现出明显的负相关性,表明CDOM吸光特性对DMS的光氧化过程有明显影响.此外,8个不同波段下DMS光氧化向DMSO的转化率在20.0%-31.9%范围之间,其中在280nm下达到最大值.     

几种典型模型在物种敏感度分布中的应用和差异分析

模型的选择是物种敏感度分布拟合的关键。研究系统地介绍了物种敏感度分布法中常用的5种分布模型,即正态分布、对数正态分布、逻辑斯谛分布、对数逻辑斯谛分布和伯尔三参数分布的内涵、特点与适用性。分析了模型之间的差异性。研究不仅提出了物种敏感度分布拟合中模型筛选与拟合优度检验的方法,并且使用5种模型分别拟合出镉的物种敏感分布曲线,进一步讨论了模型之间的差异与选择依据。最后,提出了物种敏感度分布拟合中模型选择的一些建议。研究结果可为物种敏感度分布法的应用与水质基准的推导提供理论参考。