九寨沟旅游生态足迹与生态补偿分析

建立自然保护区周边社区居民的生态补偿制度,是自然保护区取得社会经济发展和自然资源保护的关键。文章提出旅游生态足迹的概念与计算方法,以九寨沟为例,构建基于旅游生态足迹效率的自然保护区居民生态补偿标准的测度模型。结果表明:①2002 年九寨沟游客人均旅游生态足迹为0.061hm²,其年度转化值为8.881 7hm²,是当地居民人均生态足迹0.961 6hm² 的9.27倍;②叠加游客人均旅游生态足迹,九寨沟总人均生态足迹需求为1.005 3hm²,人均生态承载力为1.202 6hm²,生态盈余为0.197 3hm²;③旅游生态足迹效率为8 643 元/hm²,是当地居民生态足迹效率2 613 元/hm² 的3.31 倍;④以居民退耕还林还草的直接收益损失作为生态补偿最低标准,户均应补偿2 159 元,人均应补偿472 元,以退耕还林还草的游憩功能价值作为生态补偿上限,户均应补偿7 142 元,人均应补偿1 561 元,以旅游者与当地居民的生态足迹效率之差来确定合理的补偿水平,户均应补偿4 983 元,人均应补偿1 088 元。     

北京及周边地区大气污染数值模拟研究

北京周边地区污染源对北京市区大气环境的影响不可忽视.利用区域大气污染模式,系统模拟分析2002-08-17T09:00-2002-08-29T08:00污染传输过程;选择典型污染时段,结合气象资料进行比较分析,计算各时段周边地区和北京自身大气污染物对北京大气环境污染的贡献和贡献率;进一步证实了在大气条件有利于污染物输送的背景下,周边地区污染源的中远距离输送对北京大气环境质量的影响不可忽略.研究表明:有特殊天气背景时,即研究区域在西南风气流场的控制之下,周边地区污染源对北京的贡献比北京自身的大;没有特殊天气时,北京自身的贡献大于周边地区对其的贡献.      

Modified landfill gas generation rate model of first-order kinetics and two-stage reaction

This investigation was carried out to establish a new domestic landfill gas (LFG) generation rate model that takes into account the impact of leachate recirculation. The first-order kinetics and two-stage reaction (FKTSR) model of the LFG generation rate includes mechanisms of the nutrient balance for biochemical reaction in two main stages. In this study, the FKTSR model was modified by the introduction of the outflow function and the organic acid conversion coefficient in order to represent the in-situ condition of nutrient loss through leachate. Laboratory experiments were carried out to simulate the impact of leachate recirculation and verify the modified FKTSR model. The model calibration was then calculated by using the experimental data. The results suggested that the new model was in line with the experimental data. The main parameters of the modified FKTSR model, including the LFG production potential (L₀), the reaction rate constant in the first stage (K₁), and the reaction rate constant in the second stage (K₂) of 64.746 L, 0.202 d⁻¹, and 0.338 d⁻¹, respectively, were comparable to the old ones of 42.069 L, 0.231 d⁻¹, and 0.231 d⁻¹. The new model is better able to explain the mechanisms involved in LFG generation.     

阳离子表面活性剂对沉积物及其主要组分吸附双酚A的影响

采用吸附实验、选择性萃取技术研究阳离子表面活性剂-十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)对表层沉积物(生物膜)吸附双酚A(BPA)的影响规律,及CTMAB不同加入条件下对表层沉积物(生物膜)选择性萃取(铁氧化物、锰氧化物、有机质)后的组分吸附BPA的影响.CTMAB对表层沉积物(生物膜)吸附BPA起到促进作用,且随着CTMAB浓度的增加,其促进作用增强;CTMAB掺杂顺序对表层沉积物吸附BPA的影响较小,但对生物膜吸附BPA的影响较大;CTMAB的引入导致BPA在选择性萃取后的表层沉积物(生物膜)组分上的吸附量显著增加,并且CTMAB对表层沉积物(生物膜)吸附BPA的促进作用远大于表层沉积物(生物膜)自身主要组分理化性质的影响.选择性萃取证明,阳离子表面活性剂的引入能降低BPA在水体环境中的迁移转化能力.     

海绵铁感应热固定床对染料废水脱色研究

感应热固定床(IHBF)在有机废水非均相反应中,通过能量靶向作用于磁性滤料微界面,形成固液相界面高温微反应区,实现了有机废水低能耗高效降解.本文探讨了海绵铁感应热固定床处理直接紫D-BL废水的运行条件和机理.结果表明,在进水pH值6~7,水温为30 ℃,HRT为2.08min的条件下,运行30min后脱色率高达93.5%.降解溶液的UV-vis结果表明,直接紫D-BL在554nm和220nm的特征峰消失.通过SEM-EDS技术对Ni-SI降解前后的样品进行表征,结果显示,降解后Ni-SI中的Fe形成了Fe的氧化物和氢氧化物.根据降解、表征分析其反应机理,推断是直接紫D-BL首先吸附在海绵铁颗粒表面,接着铁与水反应产生的H2在Ni的催化和局部高温作用下产生大量的氢自由基,并与直接紫D-BL发生催化还原反应,使得分子中最毒性的共轭双键和苯环断开而降解.此外对酸性黑10B废水、直接大红D-GLN废水和实际染料废水分别进行试验,脱色率分别达到82%、78%、81%左右,表明海绵铁感应热固定床在染料工业废水处理中具有良好的应用潜力.     

Diffusive gradient in thin-film (DGT) models Cd and Pb uptake by plants growing on soils amended with sewage sludge and urban compost

Food contamination by Cd and Pb is of increasing concern because contaminated composts and sewage sludges are used as soil fertilizers. Indeed, Cd and Pb from sewage sludge and compost can be transferred to plants and, in turn, to food. Predicting the quantity of metals transferred to plants is difficult and actual models are unable to give accurate concentrations. Therefore, new techniques are needed. For instance, diffusive gradient in thin-film (DGT) is commonly used to measure metal bioavailability in waters, sediments and soils, but DGT has not been well studied for metal uptake in plants. Moreover, actual models for soil–plant transfer are too complex and require many soil parameters. Here, we simplified the modelization of metal uptake by plants by considering only DGT fluxes and roots surfaces. We grew durum wheat in a greenhouse on sandy soils amended with urban compost or sewage sludge. Results show that Cd uptake was slightly underestimated when whole roots were considered as an absorbing surface. For Pb, the best estimation was found by using root tip surface. Overall, our model ranks correctly the samples but underestimates Pb uptake by 15 % and Cd uptake by 45 %. It is nonetheless a simpler way of modelling by using only DGT fluxes and root system morphology.     

旬东煤矿井下永久避难硐室构建研究

避难硐室的构建研究对硐室安全避险功能的实现具有重要意义。根据旬东井下人员分布及巷道布置情况,确定利用4-2采煤区现有巷道构建100人规模永久避难硐室;根据巷道尺寸、人均面积及设备体积等,计算得硐室有效宽度为4.6m,高度为3.5m,总长度为63.4m,人均面积为1.2m2;通过气密试验,测定0.135MPa避险区内外压差可达1980Pa;通过分析人员避险需求,确定旬东永久避难硐室生命保障系统由防火防爆系统、密闭缓冲系统、气幕隔绝系统、供氧系统、制冷除湿系统及附属系统组成。     

In vitro agonistic and antagonistic endocrine disrupting effects of organic extracts from waste water of different treatment processes

Effluents from wastewater treatment plant （WWTP） have been reported to have a broad spectrum of endocrine disrupting compounds （EDCs）. The majority of studies have focused on the occurrence of estrogenic activity, while ignoring nuclear hormone receptors （NRs） pathways. In the present study, a battery of in vitro yeast bioassays and a cell bioassay, including antagonistic and agonistic effects on estrogen receptor （ER）, androgen receptor （AR）, progesterone receptor （PR）, estrogen- related receptor （ERR） and aryl hydrocarbon receptor （AHR）, were conducted to evaluate the removal efficien- cies of EDCs by different treatment processes of a WWTP located in Beijing. Estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, anti- androgenic, anti-progesteronic, anti-ERR and the activa- tion of AHR activities were detected in samples from all treatment processes and the receiving water. The concen- tration of estrogenic contaminants with estradiol （E2） equivalent concentrations ranged from 0.82 x 10-9 to 3.54 x 10 9g Ee_EQ.L-1. The concentration of anti-estrogenic contaminants with 4-hydroxytamoxifen （4-OHT） equiva- lent concentrations ranged from 1.24 × 10-6 to 2.36 x 10-6 g 4-OHT-EQ.L-1. The concentration of anti-androgenic contaminants ranged from 2.21 x 10-s to 3.52 × 10-6g flutamide-EQ. L-1. The concentration of anti-progesteronic contaminants ranged from 3.15 x 10^-5 to 2.71 x 10^-4g RU486-EQ. L-1. The concentration of anti-ERR contami- nants ranged from 7.09 x 10-5 to 6.50 x 104 g 4-OHT-EQ × L^-10. The concentration of AHR activators ranged from 1.7 × 10-10 to 3.4 × 10^-10g TCDD-EQ-L-1. These processes including secondary clarifier, coagulation, as well as coal and sand filtration could eliminated 67.2% of estrogenic contaminants, 47.0% of anti-estrogenic contaminants, 98.3% of anti-androgenic contaminants, 88.4% of anti- progesteronic contaminants, 65.4% of anti-ERR contami- nants and 46.9% of AHR activators. WWTP effluents contain multiple receptor disruptors may have very complex adverse effects on exposed organisms.     

Estimate of sea loading by pollutants originating from the littoral counties in the Republic of Croatia

The paper reviews the data of 10 yr of following up sewage (waste water) inflows of anthropological origin into the sea from all the coastal settlements in Croatia. In particular, we report the sea loading by biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), expressed by the inhabitant equivalent (I.E.), for seven littoral counties. We estimated the loading of a coastal sea area for each county separately. The objective was to avoid any over- or underestimation of amounts and significance of sewage inflows into the seawater. For this purpose, a precisely determined sea volume up to the 10 m isobath has been chosen. Because of the inadequate treatment of wastewater, the total loading of that maritime territory expressed in terms of i.e. was found to be 26% higher than expected from the actual number of inhabitants. However, daily input represents only 12‰ of the considered volume of the sea. Recipient spent only 0.7% of the disposable oxygen quantity in the sea.     

紧急避险设施内一氧化碳气体吸附性能研究

紧急避险设施作为灾变情况下为井下人员提供安全避险的密闭空间,要求能够对空间内部的有毒有害气体进行及时处理。针对井下密闭空间内部一氧化碳气体的吸附处理问题,采用北京科技大学避险技术研究中心的地面模拟救生舱作为实验平台,以实验为基本手段,对两种药剂A、B在不同药剂量、风量的情况下进行去除效率的对比实验,并测定环境湿度对药剂性能的影响,确定一氧化碳药剂的最佳吸附条件,以达到提高去除效率的目的。最终得出药剂A以全风量条件下4kg时吸附效果为最佳,药剂B以全风量条件下8kg时吸附效果为最佳,湿度对一氧化碳药剂的吸附效率有显著影响,需配合干燥剂使用。