丙溴磷在土壤中的吸附与迁移行为研究

采用气相色谱(GC-FPD)法建立了丙溴磷在水和土壤中的残留分析方法。结果表明,丙溴磷在水和土壤中的平均回收率在87.18%~103.64%之间,变异系数为4.84%~9.89%;丙溴磷在水和土壤中的最低检测浓度分别为0.005 mg/L,0.05 mg/kg。采用平衡吸附法和薄层层析法研究了丙溴磷在砂土、壤土和粘土中的吸附和迁移特性。结果表明:丙溴磷在砂土、壤土和粘土中的吸附常数Kd分别为12.70、33.65和74.92,土壤对丙溴磷的吸附能力与土壤有机质含量呈正相关,其移动性分别表现为在砂土、壤土中不易移动,在粘土中不移动。     

N2O and NH3 emissions from a bioreactor landfill operated under limited aerobic degradation conditions

The combination of leachate recirculation and aeration to landfill may be an efficient way for in-situ nitrogen removal. However, nitrogenous substances contained in the landfill layer are concomitantly transformed into N2O and NH3, leading to increased emissions into the atmosphere. In the present study, the emissions of N2O and NH3 were measured under conditions of fresh or partially stabilized refuse with or without leachate recirculation or intermittent aeration. The results showed that the largest N2O emission (12.4 mg-N/L of the column) was observed in the aerated column loaded with partially stabilized refuse and recycled with the leachate of low C/N ratio; while less than 0.33 mg-N/L of the column was produced in the other columns. N2O production was positively correlated with the prolonged aerobic time and negatively related with the C/N ratio in the recycled leachate. NH3 volatilization increased with enhanced gas flow and concentration of free ammonia in the leachate, and the highest cumulative volatilization quantity was 1.7 mg-N/L of the column.     

国家可持续发展实验区科技计划实施现状及成效

国家可持续发展实验区是我国实施可持续发展战略的重要实验示范基地。多年来,秉承科技支撑发展的原则,实验区开展了一系列科技创新及实验示范。在对现有实验区开展实地调研和问卷调查的基础上,从计划类别、经费来源、参与形式、应用领域等方面,分析了"十一五"以来实验区承担的各类科技计划项目实施现状,并对项目实施成效进行了总结分析。分析发现,实验区承担的各类科技计划项目,通过破解区域发展制约因素,取得显著社会效益;突出科技示范与引领,科技支撑能力不断提升;创新了管理机制与模式,积累了丰富的项目管理经验;通过部门联动,科技惠民计划成效凸显。文章通过探寻科技在实验区建设中的引领和带动作用,发现实验区项目对接的特点与规律,查找实验区科技创新存在的问题与不足,提出了科技支撑实验区发展的对策与建议。     

固定化季铵盐对硫酸盐有机废水厌氧处理颗粒污泥特性的影响

将硫酸盐有机废水厌氧处理过程中活性受抑制的厌氧颗粒污泥接入2台平行运行的升流式厌氧污泥床（UASB,1#、2#）反应器,并分别向其中投加短链和长链固定化季铵盐（IQAS）,考察IQAS的投加对颗粒污泥生物活性和理化特性的影响.结果表明：投加IQAS后,2台反应器中颗粒污泥的脱氢酶活性和比产甲烷活性均明显提高,沉降性能提升,其总硫、金属元素、胞外蛋白质（PN）及胞外多糖（PS）含量均呈降低趋势,表面的PN、PS拉曼光谱峰值减弱;与1#反应器相比较,2#反应器中颗粒污泥的辅酶F₄₂₀浓度增加明显,总硫和Fe元素含量减少显著;由此表明,IQAS的投加能剥离颗粒污泥表面沉积物,使活性受抑制的厌氧颗粒污泥的生物活性提高,其中长链IQAS对颗粒污泥的剥离激活作用较明显.     

全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)对半滑舌鳎肝脏细胞的毒性效应

为探究海洋环境中持久性有机污染物——全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)的生物毒性效应,以半滑舌鳎肝脏细胞(HTLC)为研究对象,将其暴露于含不同浓度PFOS的DMEM-F12培养基中,分别染毒24、48、72 h后,利用噻唑蓝比色法(MTT)和透射电镜实验评价PFOS的细胞毒性;同时测定活性氧自由基(ROS)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性来探讨PFOS对细胞的氧化损伤效应。结果发现,细胞活性随PFOS浓度升高呈先促进后抑制趋势,当PFOS浓度达到1 000%mol·L-1时细胞活性受到显著抑制(P0.01);电镜结果显示PFOS能引起与代谢相关的细胞器如线粒体、内质网等发生肿胀甚至破损;与对照组相比,ROS含量和SOD活性分别在20%mol·L-1、200%mol·L-1开始出现显著性差异(P0.05),证实在PFOS引起的氧化应激反应中SOD起到了清除自由基作用以维持细胞稳态。研究表明,PFOS对海洋鱼类细胞具有一定的生物毒性,能引起细胞产生氧化应激反应,并进一步破坏生物膜系统,从而导致细胞增殖和多种代谢途径受到抑制。     

淡水水生态基准方法学研究:繁殖/生殖毒性类化合物水生态基准探讨

繁殖/生殖毒性类化合物由于特殊的毒理作用模式(mode of action,MOA),通过影响生物繁衍影响到种群和群落,因此依靠基于急、慢性毒性测试终点和传统基准推导方法推导的水生态基准值并不能够为水生生物群落结构提供足够的保护。本文根据文献资料,分析了推导此类化合物水生态基准时的关键科学问题,包括繁殖/生殖毒性类化合物MOA,毒性数据类型,受试物种选择,以及不同生命阶段、多代毒性测试和测试终点的判别和选择。并用所收集的壬基酚数据,尝试推导了基于水生生物生殖毒性的水生态基准值。研究得出基于生殖毒性的壬基酚预测无观察效应浓度(PNEC)值为0.12μg·L-1,其数值比美国环境保护局根据传统基准方法推导的基准持续浓度(CCC)的6.59μg·L-1低了近50倍。因此,基于其繁殖毒性(包括产卵量、受精率、孵化率、多代效应以及种群变化等)的实验结果更适合用于具有繁殖/生殖毒性污染物水生态基准的推导。     

流动沙漠地形起伏区尼龙网方格沙障破损程度的空间分异

在塔克拉玛干沙漠油田公路K287 km处,对设置在纵向复合沙垄区次级新月形沙丘上不同地貌部位的尼龙网方格沙障破损状况进行了调查研究,并对破损程度进行了综合评价。研究结果表明,(1)平沙地上的尼龙网方格沙障破损类型相对单一,以半埋型式为主;流动沙丘上的尼龙网方格沙障破损类型多样,而且不同地貌部位的破损类型不同。(2)沙丘个体及不同地貌部位的破损程度值远远高于平沙地,破损程度值排序为迎风坡脚迎风坡中部沙丘两翼落沙坡迎风坡中上部丘顶。(3)沙丘不同地貌部位尼龙网方格沙障受损的空间分异主要与沙丘对近地表风流场的强烈扰动有关。(4)尼龙网方格沙障更适宜布设在平坦的地形,提高尼龙网方格沙障对地形起伏适应性的关键在于其布设模式以及布设配件的改进。     

Distribution characteristics and indicator significance of Dechloranes in multi-matrices at Ny-Ålesund in the Arctic

In recent years, Dechloranes have been widely detected in the environment around the world. However, understanding and knowledge of Dechloranes in remote regions, such as the Arctic, remain lacking. Therefore, the concentrations of 5 Dechloranes in surface seawater, sediment, soil, moss, and dung collected from Ny-Ålesund in the Arctic were measured with the concentrations 93 pg/L, 342, 325, 1.4, and 258 pg/g, respectively, which were much lower than those in Asian and European regions. The mean ratios of anti-Dechlorane Plus (DP) to total DP (?_anti) in seawater, sediment, soil, moss, dung, and atmospheric samples were 0.36, 0.21, 0.18, 0.27, 0.66, and 0.43, respectively. Results suggested that the main source of DP in seawater, sediment, soil, and moss was long-range atmospheric transport. However, the ratio identified in dung was different, for which the migration behavior of the organism is probably the main source of DP.     

Assessment of different methods in analyzing motor vehicle emission factors

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - To explore the emission characteristics of vehicle’s pollutants is of great significance to prevent and control the diffusion of pollutants....     

Can collaborative innovation constrain ecological footprint? Empirical evidence from Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Collaborative innovation can promote scientific productivity and the development of clean technology and thus has a great potential in constraining...