Effect of NOx and SO2 on the photooxidation of methylglyoxal: Implications in secondary aerosol formation

Methylglyoxal(CH_3COCHO,MG),which is one of the most abundant α-dicarbonyl compounds in the atmosphere,has been reported as a major source of secondary organic aerosol(SOA).In this work,the reaction of MG with hydroxyl radicals was studied in a 500 L smog chamber at(293±3) K,atmospheric pressure,(18±2)% relative humidity,and under different NOx and SO_2.Particle size distribution was measured by using a scanning mobility particle sizer(SMPS) and the results showed that the addition of SO_2 can promote SOA formation,while different NOx concentrations have different influences on SOA production.High NOx suppressed the SOA formation,whereas the particle mass concentration,particle number concentration and particle geometric mean diameter increased with the increasing NOx concentration at low NOx concentration in the presence of SO_2.In addition,the products of the OH-initiated oxidation of MG and the functional groups of the particle phase in the MG/OH/SO_2 and MG/OH/NOx/SO_2 reaction systems were detected by gas chromatography mass spectrometry(GC-MS) and attenuated total reflection fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy(ATR-FTIR) analysis.Two products,glyoxylic acid and oxalic acid,were detected by GC-MS.The mechanism of the reaction of MG and OH radicals that follows two main pathways,H atom abstraction and hydration,is proposed.Evidence is provided for the formation of organic nitrates and organic sulfate in particle phase from IR spectra.Incorporation of NOx and SO_2 influence suggested that SOA formation from anthropogenic hydrocarbons may be more efficient in polluted environment.     

Ozone pollution characteristics and sensitivity analysis using an observation-based model in Nanjing, Yangtze River Delta Region of China

Ground-level ozone (O₃) has become a critical pollutant impeding air quality improvement in Yangtze River Delta region of China. In this study, we present O₃ pollution characteristics based on one-year online measurements during 2016 at an urban site in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. Then, the sensitivity of O₃ to its precursors during 2 O₃ pollution episodes in August was analyzed using a box model based on observation (OBM). The relative incremental reactivity (RIR) of hydrocarbons was larger than other precursors, suggesting that hydrocarbons played the dominant role in O₃ formation. The RIR values for NO_X ranged from –0.41%/% to 0.19%/%. The O₃ sensitivity was also analyzed based on relationship of simulated O₃ production rates with reductions of VOC and NO_X derived from scenario analyses. Simulation results illustrate that O₃ formation was between VOCs-limited and transition regime. Xylenes and light alkenes were found to be key species in O₃ formation according to RIR values, and their sources were determined using the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model. Paints and solvent use was the largest contributor to xylenes (54%), while petrochemical industry was the most important source to propene (82%). Discussions on VOCs and NO_X reduction schemes suggest that the 5% O₃ control goal can be achieved by reducing VOCs by 20%. To obtain 10% O₃ control goal, VOCs need to be reduced by 30% with VOCs/NO_X larger than 3:1.     

Metabolomic modulations in a freshwater microbial community exposed to the fungicide azoxystrobin

An effective broad-spectrum fungicide, azoxystrobin (AZ), has been widely detected in aquatic ecosystems, potentially affecting the growth of aquatic microorganisms. In the present study, the eukaryotic alga Monoraphidium sp. and the cyanobacterium Pseudanabaena sp. were exposed to AZ for 7 days. Our results showed that 0.2–0.5 mg/L concentrations of AZ slightly inhibited the growth of Monoraphidium sp. but stimulated Pseudanabaena sp. growth. Meanwhile, AZ treatment effectively increased the secretion of total organic carbon (TOC) in the culture media of the two species, and this phenomenon was also found in a freshwater microcosm experiment (containing the natural microbial community). We attempted to assess the effect of AZ on the function of aquatic microbial communities through metabolomic analysis and further explore the potential risks of this compound. The metabonomic profiles of the microcosm indicated that the most varied metabolites after AZ treatment were related to the citrate cycle (TCA), fatty acid biosynthesis and purine metabolism. We thereby inferred that the microbial community increased extracellular secretions by adjusting metabolic pathways, which might be a stress response to reduce AZ toxicity. Our results provide an important theoretical basis for further study of fungicide stress responses in aquatic microcosm microbial communities, as well as a good start for further explorations of AZ detoxification mechanisms, which will be valuable for the evaluation of AZ environmental risk.     

不同制备温度下污泥生物炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性

以城市剩余污泥为原料,于300,400,500,600 ℃温度条件下制备生物炭,通过单因素静态吸附实验探讨制备温度对生物炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的影响。结果表明:在500 ℃以内随着温度上升制备的生物炭对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附量增加,制备温度高于500 ℃后变化不明显;扫描电镜（SEM）、比表面积（BET）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）表征结果显示,热解温度对生物炭表面形貌和官能团组成有显著影响;等温模型及动力学拟合结果表明,生物炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）为单分子层吸附、物理-化学复合吸附。热解温度对污泥制备生物炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的性能有显著影响,最佳制备温度为500 ℃,在此条件制备的生物炭对Cr（Ⅵ）的理论吸附量可达7.93 mg/g。     

日本城市有机废弃物甲烷发酵资源化系统案例分析及最新研究进展

为建设可持续发展社会,日本近年来大力推动甲烷发酵以实现城市有机废弃物的减量化和资源化。首先介绍了日本城市有机废弃物资源化的2个实用案例,长冈市厨余垃圾沼气发电中心和丰桥市生物质资源利用中心的设计和运营状况。两者的长期稳定运行及产能效果验证了甲烷发酵技术在城市有机废弃物减量化和资源化上的可行性。其次,为了应对社会发展趋势和城市有机废弃物处理的技术需求,介绍了日本有关厨余垃圾、污泥以及废纸（城市有机废弃物的3大组分）的单独发酵及共发酵的部分研究成果。此外,简要介绍了应用厌氧膜生物反应器（AnMBR）进行相关高效甲烷发酵的最新研究成果。并根据实用案例调查和实验研究结果,以100万人口城市为例,对城市有机废弃物的各种甲烷发酵系统的产能效果进行了模拟概算。     

含油污泥处理技术进展

石油工业生产的特征固体废物——含油污泥,是一种由石油烃、水、固体颗粒物和其他物质（如重金属）组成的固态/半固态复合物,因毒性和易燃性被归入危险废物管理。我国含油污泥年产量高达500万t,其中含有15%~50%的石油烃。含油污泥的处理要兼顾无害化和资源化。基于其组成、性质和危害,介绍了含油污泥的油品资源化分离法（离心、溶剂萃取、热解）和无害化剩余含油残渣处理法（焚烧、固化、生物处理）等国内外常用的处理方法。大体上,含油污泥的处理思路为,首先预处理降低含水率、提高含油率,再经油品分离法回收含油污泥中的石油烃,最后无害化处理剩余含油残渣。讨论了各方法的特点以及国内外研究进展,提出了含油污泥处理技术的发展建议。     

基于风险矩阵和五元减法集对势的湖泊水生态健康动态诊断评估

为判断湖泊水生态健康子系统发展趋势、诊断病态因子,引进了五元减法集对势,建立生态子系统与物理化学子系统的合成矩阵得到湖泊水生态健康状态,从而提出了基于风险矩阵和五元减法集对势的湖泊水生态健康动态诊断评估方法,并应用于安徽省瓦埠湖。结果表明:瓦埠湖水生态健康状态1980—2015年呈变差趋势,2012年为微病态,2015年略有好转。五元减法集对势识别出瓦埠湖水生态健康的病态因子主要有底栖动物、浮游动物、叶绿素、COD、TN、TP和透明度,为改善瓦埠湖水生态健康的重要指标。上述风险矩阵和五元减法集对势耦合的动态诊断评估方法可为湖泊水生态健康评估提供新的思路。     

污泥与不同pH值渗滤液联合厌氧发酵产氢分析

以污泥与垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液为原料,通过小瓶批式试验,考察了垃圾渗滤液的添加量以及渗滤液初始pH对联合厌氧消化产氢的影响。结果表明:未添加污泥的渗滤液本身也可以在厌氧发酵过程中产氢。而污泥与垃圾渗滤液联合厌氧发酵,当渗滤液初始pH为5.20时,添加90%的渗滤液体系产氢量最大,为201.58 mL,最大产氢速率也最高,为9.56 mL/h;当初始渗滤液pH为4.47时,最大产氢量出现在渗滤液添加剂量为60%的样品,为57.73 mL,随后减小,但最大产氢速率在添加40%的渗滤液达到峰值,为5.11 mL/h。     

河北坝上与坝下不同土地利用类型土壤入渗特征及其影响因素

为查明河北省坝上与坝下不同土地利用类型土壤入渗能力,选择张北县（坝上风蚀区）和阳原县（坝下水蚀区）作为典型研究区,采用微型圆盘入渗仪测量土壤入渗特性,并分析其主要影响因素。研究结果表明：（1）阳原县不同土地利用类型土壤渗透性能表现为：高盖度草地>低盖度草地>耕地>林地,张北县表现为：草地>耕地>灌木林地>防护林地;（2）不同入渗模型拟合度之间存在显著差异,其中Philip模型拟合效果最佳;（3）土壤初始入渗速率、稳定入渗速率、稳定入渗时间与容重呈极显著负相关关系,而与总孔隙度均呈极显著正相关关系。结果表明,该区草地土壤入渗能力最强,后期开展生态工程建设时应更加重视草地涵养水源的作用。     

水动力对沉积物-水界面氧通量产生机制的影响

选取三峡库区支流御临河为研究对象,测量了5个水动力条件（平均流速为0.00,0.03,0.07,0.12,0.20m/s）下沉积物-水界面（SWI）氧通量的变化及水动力条件对SWI氧通量产生机制的影响.结果表明,随着平均流速的升高,SWI氧通量增加,由0.00m/s时的1.197mmol/（m²·h）增加为0.20m/s时的43.981mmol/（m²·h）,溶解氧穿透深度增加,氧进入沉积物更深处并被微生物和还原性物质所利用,沉积物耗氧量上升;当平均流速较低时,沉积物耗氧量以生物耗氧量为主,在0.00m/s与0.03m/s时生物耗氧量为氧通量的85.3%与57.7%;当水体平均流速较高,化学耗氧量与其他耗氧量中的化学过程耗氧量在氧通量中的比重逐步提高.