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91.
Goswami E Larson T Lumley T Liu LJ 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2002,52(3):324-333
This study investigates how PM2.5 varies spatially and how these spatial characteristics can be used to identify potential monitoring sites that are most representative of the overall ambient exposures to PM2.5 among susceptible populations in the Seattle, WA, area. Data collected at outdoor sites at the homes of participants of a large exposure assessment study were used in this study. Harvard impactors (HIs) were used at 40 outdoor sites throughout the Seattle metropolitan area. Up to six sites at a time were monitored for 10 consecutive 24-hr average periods. A fixed-effect analysis of variance (ANOVA) model that included date and location effects was used to analyze the spatial variability of outdoor PM2.5 concentrations. Both date and location effects were shown to be highly significant, explaining 92% of the variability in outdoor PM2.5 measurements. The day-to-day variability was 10 times higher than the spatial variability between sites. The site mean square was more than twice the error mean square, showing that differences between sites, while modest, are potentially an important contribution to measurement error. Variances of the model residuals and site effects were examined against spatial characteristics of the monitoring sites. The spatial characteristics included elevation, distance from arterials, and distance from major PM2.5 point sources. Results showed that the most representative PM2.5 sites were located at elevations of 80-120 m above sea level, and at distances of 100-300 m from the nearest arterial road. Location relative to industrial PM2.5 sources is not a significant predictor of residential outdoor PM2.5 measurements. Additionally, for sites to be representative of the average population exposures to PM2.5 among those highly susceptible to the health effects of PM2.5, areas of high elderly population density were considered. These representative spatial characteristics were used as multiple, overlapping criteria in a Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis to determine where the most representative sites are located. 相似文献
92.
Kathy S. Law Anke Roiger Jennie L. Thomas Louis Marelle Jean-Christophe Raut Stig Dalsøren Jan Fuglestvedt Paolo Tuccella Bernadett Weinzierl Hans Schlager 《Ambio》2017,46(3):453-463
Local emissions of Arctic air pollutants and their impacts on climate, ecosystems and health are poorly understood. Future increases due to Arctic warming or economic drivers may put additional pressures on the fragile Arctic environment already affected by mid-latitude air pollution. Aircraft data were collected, for the first time, downwind of shipping and petroleum extraction facilities in the European Arctic. Data analysis reveals discrepancies compared to commonly used emission inventories, highlighting missing emissions (e.g. drilling rigs) and the intermittent nature of certain emissions (e.g. flaring, shipping). Present-day shipping/petroleum extraction emissions already appear to be impacting pollutant (ozone, aerosols) levels along the Norwegian coast and are estimated to cool and warm the Arctic climate, respectively. Future increases in shipping may lead to short-term (long-term) warming (cooling) due to reduced sulphur (CO2) emissions, and be detrimental to regional air quality (ozone). Further quantification of local Arctic emission impacts is needed. 相似文献
93.
McDaniel NK Sugiura SH Kehler T Fletcher JW Coloso RM Weis P Ferraris RP 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2005,138(2):350-357
Phosphorus (P) is the limiting nutrient in freshwater primary production, and excessive levels cause premature eutrophication. P levels in aquaculture effluents are now tightly regulated. Increasing our understanding of waste P partitioning into soluble, particulate, and settleable fractions is important in the management of effluent P. When water supply is limited, dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) decreases below the optimum levels. Therefore, we studied effects of DO (6 and 10mg/L) and dietary P (0.7 and 1.0% P) on rainbow trout growth, P utilization, and effluent P partitioning. Biomass increased by 40% after 3 weeks. DO at 10mg/L significantly increased fish growth and feed efficiency, and increased the amount of P in the soluble fraction of the effluent. Soluble effluent P was greater in fish fed 1.0% P. DO increases fish growth and modulates P partitioning in aquaculture effluent. 相似文献
94.
The use of the octanol/water partition constant (Kow) as a surrogate parameter for lipid/water partitioning of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was reassessed by comparing the measured Kow of 12 selected polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs) with partition constants in triolein/water (Ktw) and membrane/water (Kmw) systems. Kow and Ktw were measured by the slow-stirring method. Kmw was measured by an adaptation of the slow-stirring method using suspensions of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine liposomes. Partitioning of POPs to octanol, triolein, and liposomes is similar but not equal. The log-log correlation for Kow and Ktw is excellent (r2 = 0.982) and that for Kow and Kmw is somewhat weaker (r2 = 0.856). Ktw values are greater than Kow by a factor of 1.6. Kmw of some PCB congeners exceed both Kow and Ktw by an order of magnitude. The differences are attributed to different PCB activity coefficients in the different lipid phases. The results imply that Kow can be used as a reasonable conservative estimate of lipid/water partitioning. But the observed differences between Kow and Kmw also indicate that using Kow to predict accumulation of POPs, particularly highly hydrophobic ones, in the polar lipids of organisms will underestimate their concentrations at equilibrium. 相似文献
95.
Four emergent plants (helophytes, synonyms emersion macrophytes, marsh plants, etc.) Phragmites australis, Juncus glaucus, Carex gracillis and Typha latifolia were successfully used for degradation of TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) under in vitro conditions. The plants took up and transformed more than 90% of TNT from the medium within ten days of cultivation. The most efficient species was Ph. australis which took up 98% of TNT within ten days. The first stable degradation products 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) and 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT) were identified and analysed during the cultivation period. [14C] TNT was used for the detection of TNT degradation products and their compartmentalization in plant tissues after two weeks of cultivation. Forty one percent of 14C was detected as insoluble or bound in cell structures: 34% in roots and 8% in the aerial parts. These results open the perspective of using the above-mentioned plants for the remediation of TNT contaminated waters. 相似文献
96.
Angélique Lazartigues Marielle Thomas Cécile Cren-Olivé Jean Brun-Bellut Yves Le Roux Damien Banas Cyril Feidt 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(1):117-125
Residues of pesticides in fish farming productions from barrage ponds are seldom studied in spite of increasing health questionings and environmental concerns. The purpose of this study is to establish the pesticide contamination profiles of sediments and edible fish from five ponds in Northeastern France. Multi-residues method and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis were used to quantify 13 pesticides (azoxystrobin, carbendazim, clomazone, diflufenican, dimethachlor, fluroxypyr, iprodion, isoproturon, mesosulfuron-methyl, metazachlor, napropamid, quizalofop and thifensulfuron-methyl). Ten sediments and 143 muscles samples were analysed, corresponding to two successive fishing campaigns (first fishing date and second fishing date (P2), about 1 year later) on five sites (noted C-0, C-25, C-45, C-75 and C-85 to express the increasing gradient of crop area). Isoproturon was present in all sediments samples (1.8–56.4 μg/kg dry weight). During P2 period, carbendazim was quantified in the fish of site C-0 (0.09?±?0.02, 0.2?±?0.1 and 0.17?±?0.06 μg/kg wet weight (ww) for roach, carp and perch, respectively). Metazachlor was only quantified in perch of the site C-25 (0.13?±?0.02 μg/kg ww). Concentrations of isoproturon were similar for the sites C-45 and C-75 with 0.4?±?0.1 and 0.75?±?0.06 μg/kg ww for carp and perch, respectively. Contamination of fish reflected generally concentrations in surroundings. Isoproturon was the most concentrated and its main source was water for perch while carp was exposed through both water and sediments, highlighting their life strategies in pond. 相似文献
97.
Mohr S Feibicke M Ottenströer T Meinecke S Berghahn R Schmidt R 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2005,12(1):5-7
Scope The German Federal Environmental Agency has put into operation a new modular mesocosm system consisting of eight outdoor and eight indoor ponds and streams in order to investigate fate and effects of chemicals and municipal wastewater in aquatic ecosystems. General design and special characteristics are given to demonstrate the wide range of possibilities for experimental research. - General design. Each of the 16 streams with riffle and pool sections can be varied in length up to 106 m. The streams can be run as circular or flow-through systems at a flow velocity of 0.02 to 0.6 m/s. Physico-chemical standard parameters are measured on-line. The 16 ponds, which can be connected to the stream systems, are equipped with drainage and pore water-sampling devices for simulating processes in the littoral zone including influent and effluent ground water flow. Perspectives Since the highly flexible and controllable construction also allows treating a wide range of hydrological and ecological experiments external institutions are invited to submit proposals. 相似文献
98.
Hollert H Dürr M Holtey-Weber R Islinger M Brack W Färber H Erdinger L Braunbeck T 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2005,12(6):347-360
Goal, Scope and Background In order to evaluate the estrogenic activity of sediments and XAD water extracts of selected sites of the catchment area
of the River Neckar, a river system in Southern Germany, an integrative assessment approach was used to assess the ecological
hazard potential of endocrine-disrupting compounds in sediment and water.
Methods The approach is based on estrogen receptor-mediated vitellogenin synthesis induced in isolated hepatocytes of rainbow trout
and quantified in a non-radioactive dot blot/RNAse protection-assay in parallel to comprehensive chemical analyses of estrogenic
substances.
Results and Discussion Numerous investigated extracts revealed an estrogen activity comparable to that of the positive control (1 nM 17?-estradiol
corresponding to 270 ng/L in the test medium). Based on a concentration factor of 30 in the extracts and a recovery of XAD
resins of approximately 80 %, 17?-estradiol equivalent concentrations between 20 and 26.7 ng/L could be calculated downstream
of a sewage treatment plant (< 0.1 ng/L for a reference site). A comparison of the bioassay-derived Bio-TEQs (toxicity equivalents)
and the Chem-TEQs revealed a high correlation with a Pearson coefficient of 0.85, indicating that the same ranking of the
samples could be obtained with respect to the endocrine disrupting potential with both chemical and bioanalytical analysis.
However, the TEQ concentrations computed from chemical analyses were significantly lower than the bioassay-derived TEQ concentrations.
In fact, in none of the samples, more than 14 % of the vitellogenin-inducing potency could be attributed to the substances
(steroids, alkylphenols, bisphenol A, diethylstilbestrol) analyzed.
A comparison of the endocrine disrupting potential of sediments extracted by the solvents acetone and methanol revealed lower
biological effects for acetone-extracted samples. Possible reasons may be a masking of endocrine effects in acetone extracts
by cytotoxicity, a low extraction efficiency of the solvent acetone, or anti-estrogen potencies of some extracted sediment
compounds.
Using a mass balance approach, the contribution of the compounds analyzed chemically (Chem-TEQs) to the total endocrine activity
(Bio-TEQs) was calculated. Based on the very low detection limits, particularly of the steroids with their high TEF factors,
results revealed that a calculation of the Chem-TEQs is associated with considerable scale inaccuracy: Whereas only 7-15 %
of the biological effectiveness (Bio-TEQs) could be explained by endocrine substances identified above the detection limits,
the assumption of concentrations slightly below the given detection limits would result in a significant over estimation (137-197
%) of the Bio-TEQs. Even the interassay variation of the dot blot assay with different fish donors for primary hepatocyte
(factor 2 - 2.5) is relatively low, when compared to the large range of the Chem-TEQ concentrations (factor 20) obtained when
applying different modes of calculation.
Conclusions and Outlook Overall, only a minor portion of the endocrine activity detected by bioassays could be linked to compounds identified by
chemical analysis. In vitro assays for assessment of endocrine activities are useful as sensitive integrating methods that
provide quantitative estimates of the total activity of particular receptor-mediated responses. Although discrepancies may
also result from different bioanalytical approaches, it is overall likely that bioanalytical and not chemical analytical approaches
give the correct estimate of endocrine disrupting potencies in environmental samples. As a conclusion, assessment of endocrine
disruption based on chemical analysis alone does not appear sufficient and further research into the spectrum of substances
with potential endocrine activity as well as into additive or even synergistic effects in complex environmental samples is
urgently needed. 相似文献
99.
This paper uses data from a detailed 4 month PCB mass balance study on lactating cows fed a naturally contaminated background diet to quantify the metabolism and body-burdens of a range of PCB congeners. Dietary intake fluxes and milk and faecal output fluxes reported previously are combined with subcutaneous fat and blood PCB concentrations and with data from tissue/organ samples from a slaughtered animal to estimate the degree of metabolism within the cow. A total body burden is derived, showing that fat deposits account for approximately 98% of total PCB present in the lactating cow. The daily intake through feed (ng day-1) accounted for between 0.9 and 1.5% of the total body burden for persistent congeners (e.g. PCB 153) and up to 43% for those congeners which are readily metabolised (e.g. PCB 52). Detailed balances for a range of tri- to octa-chlorinated PCBs are presented and clearly demonstrate that many congeners are metabolised effectively by lactating dairy cows (e.g. PCB 149) whilst others are efficiently transferred to human dairy food products. An approach to predicting the degree of metabolism for individual PCB congeners is presented which gives good agreement with observations. 相似文献
100.
Organic residue decomposition: The minicontainer-system a multifunctional tool in decomposition studies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gerhard Eisenbeis Ralf Lenz Thomas Heiber 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1999,6(4):220-224
The Minicontainer-test, first described by Eisenbeis (1993), was designed to study the kinetics of organic residue decomposition
at a microsite level. It is derived from the litterbag technique and consists of polyethylene minicontainers (volume about
1.5 cm3) filled with a test substrate (litter, straw, cellulose, etc.). The minicontainers (MCs) are closed at either end with plastic
gauze discs of variable mesh size (e.g. 20 μm, 250 μm, 500 μm or 2 mm). A definite number of such units are inserted into
PVC-bars, which can be implanted into the soil horizontally or vertically, or be exposed on the soil surface horizontally.
The bars are very stable and can be exposed in different environments for months to years. If required, the bars can be removed
temporarily and stored, e.g. during soil cultivation. Should fresh litter be used, two phases of decomposition can be distinguished:
a fast initial phase, which can be mainly related to the effect of leaching, and a second slow phase depending mainly on the
activity of soil organisms and litter quality. Several questions can be addressed to investigations using MCs, e.g. 1) parts
of the soil fauna which are involved in decomposition (nematodes, microarthropods, and smaller specimens of the macrofauna,
e.g. enchytraeidae, diplopods and dipteran larvae) can be extracted from the litter substrate using a miniscale high gradient
extractor, 2) the organic mass loss of litter can be determined, 3) microbial biomass (Cmic, Nmic) can be assessed by fumigation extraction and 4) microbial activity (respiration) in the test substrate can also be assessed
by use of standardised methods. Compared to litterbag studies, the larger number of small replicate units improves the statistical
evaluation. Until today the Minicontainer-test has been applied in forestry and agriculture, e.g. studying the effects of
liming, soil restoration and the application of insecticides, e.g. Diflubenzuron (Dimilin) and Btk (Bacillus thuringiensis var.kurstaki). 相似文献