基于PMF和PCA-APCS-MLR模型的煤矿区地下水多环芳烃分布特征及来源解析

为明确典型矿业活动区浅层地下水多环芳烃(PAHs)污染特征及来源,通过水样采集与测试分析,综合采用多元统计分析方法、正矩阵因子分解(PMF)和绝对主成分得分-多元线性回归(APCS-MLR)模型,研究了某煤矿区地下水中PAHs的分布特征与影响因素、污染来源及贡献率。结果表明：研究区地下水中PAHs的总浓度为12.65～127.08 ng/L,平均值为70.99 ng/L。PAHs总体分布呈现中南部高四周低的特征,主要受矿业生产活动、地下水流向和径流强度影响。利用PMF和APCS-MLR两种模型均识别出4个污染源,每个潜在污染源的主要负荷种类相似。PMF中观测值与模型预测值之间的R²为0.60～0.99,PCA-APCS-MLR中R²为0.51～0.91。研究区地下水中PAHs主要来源为煤炭燃烧源、石油源/生物质燃烧源、炼焦排放源、交通排放源,前两者总贡献率超过60%。研究结果可为研究区地下水资源绿色开发与保护提供一定依据。     

黄河流域生态效率时空分异特征及其影响因素研究

黄河流域生态系统脆弱、内部发展差异悬殊,探明黄河流域生态效率时空分异规律及其影响因素可为流域高质量发展提供重要保障。本研究基于黄河流域9省份2000—2018年经济、资源、环境相关的64个指标数据探索黄河流域生态效率,采用熵权法、全局SBM为基础的Global-Malmquist-Luenberger指数模型和变系数模型对生态效率时空变化趋势和影响动因开展实证研究。结果表明：(1)2001—2018年,黄河流域整体生态效率虽有一定提升,但沿黄9省份平均水平均低于全国水平,且两极分化严重。随时间渐近,生态效率高值区（1.0以上）在流域下游聚集,生态效率低值区（0.2～0.6）向流域中部收缩。(2)时序影响分析发现,经济发展对生态效率正向驱动效果明显,科技创新的影响由正转负,环境治理和对外开放暂未发挥积极作用。(3)空间影响分析发现,上、中、下游存在显著的影响因素异质性。基于此,针对性地提出分区实施产业协同发展、优化环境治理投资、改善对外贸易结构、从全过程挖掘污染减排潜力等政策建议,为推动黄河流域经济发展与生态保护的均衡发展提供支撑。     

基于政府间府际关系的畜禽养殖废弃物治理政策优化——以治理中小规模养殖场户畜禽粪污污染为例

本文从央地纵向关系、部门间横向关系、环保督察斜线关系等视角出发,探讨畜禽养殖废弃物治理政策背后的府际关系博弈逻辑和利益融合路径,实证探讨治理案例。结果表明,政府府际间存在利益博弈,但可以实现利益融合和治理有效。其中,经济、社会和生态利益的排序差异、治理事务权与财权不匹配、地方考核指标偏向经济等因素造成央地间利益诉求差异,可从增加融资渠道、优化考核方式、扩大监管渠道和多元共治等方面促进利益融合;双重管理体制、全局和局部利益并存等因素造成同一层级的不同政府部门间存在利益诉求差异,但环保督察等“运动式”治理、约束性生态指标被纳入官员考核体系等措施有助于其组成政绩共荣体;结合案例实证检验,提出中央政府需要通过严格制度安排和多重监管督察治理动态、整合地方政策资源帮助政府各部门间形成政绩共荣体、疏堵并举精准施策构建紧密利益联结机制、搭建“政府—市场—公众”多元共治治理格局等政策建议。     

智能巡检机器人在自然环境试验中的应用探讨

目的 探索建立自然环境试验智能巡检系统,使用机器人替代部分人工巡检工作。方法 通过分析巡检作业环境和巡检任务,确定智能巡检机器人的功能要求和技术参数,进而开展机器人本体结构设计,融合控制后台、远程数据库等设备,实现智能巡检系统构建。结果 开展了智能巡检数据采集的使用验证,巡检机器人采集的样品图像对焦清晰、分辨率高,样品在图像中的位置大小合理,腐蚀特征展示清楚。巡检系统可对样品图像进行自动分割和智能识别,对蚀点、流痕等损伤特征识别准确,精度可达0.1%。结论 智能巡检系统可以满足自然环境试验的巡检要求,替代人工完成部分巡检工作,智能巡检数据便于入库和使用挖掘,对于自然环境试验的数字化转型有积极的推动作用。     

生态床系统处理生活污泥的研究

利用天然沸石和砾石作为生态床系统的人工基质 ,在相同条件下对某生活污水厂污泥进行处理 ,结果表明 ,大多数天然沸石生态床系统对生活污泥的处理效果优于砾石生态床系统     

ABR处理大豆蛋白废水的效能及微生物群落动态分析

为考察厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理大豆蛋白生产废水的效能及其运行特征,采用有效容积为28 L的四格室ABR,通过为期100 d的运行,研究了基于进水COD浓度提高的有机负荷(OLR)改变对其处理效能的影响,并以真细菌的通用引物SRV3-2P和BSF8/20,通过单链构象多态性(SSCP)和UPGMA群落聚类分析,对反应器运行过程中微生物菌落结构的动态变化进行了研究.结果表明,以啤酒厂二沉池排放的好氧剩余污泥为种泥.在污泥接种量MLVSS为18.0 g·L-1、进水COD浓度2 000mg·L-1、HRT 39.5 h、(35±1)℃等条件下,可在31 d内成功启动ABR并达到初步稳定运行,COD去除率达到96%左右;ABR具有较强的抗OLR冲击能力,当OLR由1.2 kg·(m3·d)-1逐步提高到6.0 kg·(m3·d)-1时,ABR仍能实现安全稳定运行,其COD去除率可以稳定在98%左右;OLR的改变,对ABR内微生物群落的结构以及不同微生物类群在各格室中的分布具有显著影响,随着OLR的逐步提高,ABR各格室微生物的遗传距离逐渐拉大.特异性随之增加,表现出显著的生物相分离特征.     

Roofing as a source of nonpoint water pollution

Sixteen wooden structures with two roofs each were installed to study runoff quality for four commonly used roofing materials (wood shingle, composition shingle, painted aluminum, and galvanized iron) at Nacogdoches, Texas. Each roof, either facing NW or SE, was 1.22 m wide x 3.66 m long with a 25.8% roof slope. Thus, there were 32 alternatively arranged roofs, consisting of four roof types x two aspects x four replicates, in the study. Runoff from the roofs was collected through galvanized gutters, downspouts, and splitters. The roof runoff was compared to rainwater collected by a wet/dry acid rain collector for the concentrations of eight water quality variables, i.e. Cu(2+), Mn(2+), Pb(2+), Zn(2+), Mg(2+), Al(3+), EC and pH. Based on 31 storms collected between October 1997 and December 1998, the results showed: (1) concentrations of pH, Cu, and Zn in rainwater already exceed the EPA freshwater quality standards even without pollutant inputs from roofs, (2) Zn and Cu, the two most serious pollutants in roof runoff, exceeded the EPA national freshwater water quality standards in virtually 100% and more than 60% of the samples, respectively, (3) pH, EC, and Zn were the only three variables significantly affected by roofing materials, (4) differences in Zn concentrations were significant among all roof types and between all roof runoff and rainwater samples, (5) although there were no differences in Cu concentrations among all roof types and between roof runoff and rainwater, all means and medians of runoff and rainwater exceeded the national water quality standards, (6) water quality from wood shingles was the worst among the roof types studied, and (7) although SE is the most frequent and NW the least frequent direction for incoming storms, only EC, Mg, Mn, and Zn in wood shingle runoff from the SE were significantly higher than those from the NW; the two aspects affected no other elements in runoff from the other three roof types. Also, Zn concentrations from new wood-shingle roofs were significantly higher than those from aged roofs of a previous study. The study demonstrated that roofs could be a serious source of nonpoint water pollution. Since Zn is the most serious water pollutant and wood shingle is the worst of the four roof types, using less compounds and materials associated with Zn along with good care and maintenance of roofs are critical in reducing Zn pollution in roof runoff.     

Mass balance-based regression modeling of Cd and Zn accumulation in urban soils of Beijing

Accumulation of heavy metals in urban soil can pose adverse impacts on public health and terrestrial ecosystems. We developed a mass balance-based regression model to simulate the heavy metal accumulation in urban soils as a function of time and to explore connections between metal concentration and urbanization processes. Concentrations of Cd and Zn in 68 residential soil samples in the urban area of Beijing were used. The background concentrations, the loss rates and the input fluxes of Cd and Zn in urban soils of Beijing during the last three decades were estimated using a regression of the time series of accumulations of the metals. Based on the regression estimates, we simulated the general trends of Cd and Zn accumulation in the soils from 1978 to 2078. The concentrations of Cd and Zn in urban soil generally increased with the population growth, vehicle use and coal consumption. The mean concentrations of Cd and Zn in urban soil of Beijing would increase by 3 fold over the next 70 years for the current development scenario. The mass balance-based regression approach, which is able to reconstruct the history data of urban soil pollution, provides fundamental information for urban planning and environmental management.     

河道硬化对傍河地下水源补给结构及范围的影响

为研究傍河地下水的水均衡状况,以及傍河水源井群补给范围受河道硬化的影响,选取张家口盆地的Y傍河地下水源地为研究对象.采用数值模拟法建立研究区地下水数值模型,通过水均衡分析探究河道硬化对傍河地下水水均衡状况造成的影响;利用MODPATH对水源井群进行质点反向示踪模拟,获得井口质点向前追踪1 000 d的补给范围,对比水源井群补给范围并结合历史与近期水质数据分析河道硬化造成的影响.结果表明:①傍河地下水水均衡情况显示,主要的补给项为边界流入和降雨入渗,二者补给量分别为208.04×103与35.91×103 m3/d,占比分别为82.88%与14.31%;主要的排泄项为边界流出与地下水开采,二者排泄量分别为152.12×103与95.40×103 m3/d,占比分别为60.60%与38.01%.②河道硬化对傍河地下水水均衡的影响表现为河水对地下水的入渗量减少了46.79×103 m3/d,入渗量减幅为86.91%,且地下水停止了对河水的排泄,补给范围地下水水位下降了2~6 m.③河道硬化对傍河水源井群补给范围的影响表现为井群1 000 d的补给范围沿河流方向上减少了271 m,垂直河流的最宽距离增加了210 m,面积增加了0.77 km2,补给区域向远离河岸的方向发生偏移.④河道硬化对傍河地下水水质影响表现为河道硬化后傍河地下水pH、总硬度、氨氮浓度等均下降,有效减少了地表水污染物的入渗,但地下水的化学环境发生改变,潜在风险增加.研究显示,河道硬化极大地阻碍了河流与地下水之间的相互作用,严重影响了傍河地下水源的补给量和补给范围,使水源井群的补给区域发生偏移,给傍河地下水水源安全带来新的潜在风险.      

骆马湖表层沉积物微塑料的分布、来源及储存量

为探求骆马湖表层沉积物微塑料的分布特征,于2019年夏季和2021年冬季收集了20个采样点的样品,使用光学显微镜观察微塑料特征并分类,使用傅里叶变换红外显微镜光谱仪鉴定其聚合物成分,使用扫描电子显微镜分析其表面形态.结果表明,骆马湖夏季和冬季沉积物微塑料的丰度平均值为（513±201） n·kg^-1和（528±263） n·kg^-1.总体而言,60～500μm、纤维、透明和聚乙烯微塑料占比最高,表层沉积物微塑料的储存量分别为111.20 t（9月）和74.16 t（1月）.结果发现,夏季人工泄洪后,闸后小尺寸微塑料的比例均高于闸前30%以上,证明水流剪切力是加速微塑料破碎的驱动力.开始调水后,上游的微塑料丰度平均值从705 n·kg^-1下降到653 n·kg^-1,而下游则从530 n·kg^-1增加到740 n·kg^-1.上游沉积物中消失的是较小和较轻的塑料颗粒,如聚乙烯和聚丙烯.它们随着水流在上游表层沉积物中再悬浮,迁移至下游,并再次沉降.通过探讨人工泄洪...