基于FAHP和FTOPSIS的海洋船舶溢油应急处置方案筛选方法

频繁发生的海上船舶溢油事故对生态环境和社会经济损害巨大,当溢油事故发生时,决策者往往同时面临多种不同的处置方案,此时,如何从这些备选方案中快速选择出相对最合理的处置方案对减小损失尤为重要。本文基于联合使用模糊层次分析法(FAHP)和模糊逼近理想解的排序法(FTOPSIS),提出溢油应急处置方案综合评判筛选模型(FAHP-FTOSIS)。该方法首先从经济、技术、环境、溢油状况、作业环境和溢油位置这六个主要方面构建船舶溢油应急处置方案评判指标体系,通过FAHP确定各指标权重,然后运用FTOPSIS对备选的应急方案进行排序,最终基于模型的分析结果,筛选出最佳的处置方案。最后,本文将该方法进行了案例应用展示方法的有效性。     

水体中几种无机离子对硝酸根敏化甲芬那酸光降解影响研究

以中压汞灯为光源,研究环境浓度范围内硝酸根对甲芬那酸(MEF)光降解的影响机制.结果表明,甲芬那酸在不同浓度硝酸根溶液中的光解反应符合准一级动力学规律,其降解速率常数随硝酸根离子浓度增大而增大,当硝酸根离子浓度由0增至1 mmol·L-1时其速率常数由0.00627 min-1增至0.0232 min-1;以异丙醇为分子探针检测到羟基自由基存在于MEF光解过程中;光解过程中产生亚硝酸根,其浓度随着反应的进行而不断增大;碱性水环境对硝酸根敏化甲芬那酸的光解反应有利;碳酸盐、氯离子、三价铁对硝酸根敏化甲芬那酸光解产生抑制作用.采用UPLC/MS/MS对硝酸根敏化MEF光降解产物进行鉴定,并提出3条可能的光解路径.毒性研究表明,在硝酸根敏化甲芬那酸光降解过程中,生成了具有较甲芬那酸而言更高风险的中间产物.     

Plot-scale spatiotemporal variations of CO2 concentration and flux across water–air interfaces at aquaculture shrimp ponds in a subtropical estuary

Human activities have increased anthropogenic CO₂ emissions, which are believed to play important roles in global warming. The spatiotemporal variations of CO₂ concentration and flux at fine spatial scales in aquaculture ponds remain unclear, particularly in China, the country with the largest aquaculture. In this study, the plot-scale spatiotemporal variations of water CO₂ concentration and flux, both within and among ponds, were researched in shrimp ponds in Shanyutan Wetland, Min River Estuary, Southeast China. The average water CO₂ concentration and flux across the water–air interface in the shrimp ponds over the shrimp farming period varied from 22.79?±?0.54 to 186.66?±?8.71 μmol L^?1 and from ??0.50?±?0.04 to 2.87?±?0.78 mol m^?2 day^?1, respectively. There was no remarkable difference in CO₂ concentration and flux within the ponds, but significantly spatiotemporal differences in CO₂ flux were observed between shrimp ponds. Chlorophyll a, pH, salinity, air temperature, and morphometry were the important factors driving the spatiotemporal patterns of CO₂ flux in the shrimp ponds. Our findings highlighted the importance and spatiotemporal variations of CO₂ flux in the important coastal ecosystems.

     

Remote estimation of cyanobacterial blooms using the risky grade index (RGI) and coverage area index (CAI): a case study in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Harmful cyanobacterial blooms are exemplified as a major environmental concern due to producing toxin, and have generated a serious threat to public...     

Ecological and economic impacts of green roofs and permeable pavements at the city level: the case of Corvallis,Oregon

A city's spatial footprint is covered by extensive impervious building roofs and paved surfaces, which contribute to greater storm-water runoff, more surface pollutants, and less carbon sequestration, hence, worse ecosystem services. This research conducts an empirical study on the ecological and economic impacts of a citywide adoption of green roofs and permeable pavements in Corvallis, OR. The effects on ecosystem services of using green roofs and pervious pavements for a low impact development are modelled using Integrated Value of Ecosystem Services Trade-offs and compared to those from the City's current conventional development without green roofs and pervious pavements. The differences are analysed for ecological impact by storm-water yield, storm-water purification, and carbon sequestration and economic impact by a cost-benefit comparison. The results indicate that low impact development, especially intensive green roofs on commercial/industrial buildings and permeable pavements for parking lots, plays a significant role, even with a higher initial implementation cost, for long-term urban sustainability.     

Successful outcome following prenatal intervention in a female fetus with bladder outlet obstruction

Bladder outlet obstructions are a diverse and heterogeneous group of developmental abnormalities that generally involve obstruction of the proximal urethra in the male fetus. Indications for prenatal intervention are few and are usually restricted to the male fetus because bladder outlet obstruction in female fetuses is usually caused by complex cloacal development anomalies. We report on a female fetus with an enlarged bladder and a dilated proximal urethra (known as typical keyhole sign). A vesicoamniotic shunt was performed despite non-reassuring prognostic factors, but the procedure resulted in a successful outcome. We propose that in selected cases of bladder outlet obstruction, fetal intervention should be considered even when the fetus is female. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水化氯铝酸钙对土壤铬的钝化修复及风险评估

本研究采集我国棕壤、红壤、黄壤、黑土和褐土5种典型土壤，制备成Cr （VI）浓度为80mg/kg的污染样品，首次应用极具潜力的层状双金属氢氧化物——水化氯铝酸钙对其进行钝化修复，并从土壤特定基本理化性质以及Cr的赋存形态、生态风险以及健康风险等方面对修复效果进行综合评价，对相关机理进行深入探讨，对使用成本进行简析.结果表明，水化氯铝酸钙可显著增加土壤pH值，并有效降低土壤Cr的活跃性、生态风险和健康风险；土壤Cr的活跃性降幅为59.09%~79.22%，生态风险降幅为14.17%~57.66%，在胃阶段和小肠阶段的健康风险（致癌风险）降幅分别为13.04%~63.04%和22.73%~56.60%.土壤Cr的赋存形态中，除了活跃态以外，修复前后均有部分不活跃态具有生态风险或健康风险.水化氯铝酸钙除了可将活跃态Cr转化到不活跃的沉淀态中，部分或完全地降低其生态风险或健康风险外，还能在一定程度上控制某些土壤中其余不活跃态Cr在毒性浸出实验或in vitro试验中的溶出.在相对最优使用量（m_Cr：m_{水化氯铝酸钙}=1：20）条件下，水化氯铝酸钙钝化修复1m³的Cr （VI）含量为80mg/kg的实际污染建设用地土壤，其试剂成本约为6.4元.作为新型Cr污染土壤钝化修复剂，水化氯铝酸钙有望为我国土壤环境质量和人群健康质量的改善做出贡献.     

制冷剂二氟甲烷热解生成氟化氢的实验研究

空调制冷剂二氟甲烷(R32)是R22的替代制冷剂之一,其分子中含有氟元素,受热可产生剧毒物质氟化氢(HF),一旦泄漏分解,将会对人员造成极大危害.首次通过实验研究了R32泄漏后的受热分解情况,利用激光气体分析仪,测量了不同工况下HF的实时浓度,分析了R32受热分解的影响因素.结果表明R32泄漏后,在受热状态下很容易产生HF,HF浓度随着泄漏量和受热状态的变化而异,浓度可达1000ppm以上；研究结果可为含氟制冷剂的应用提供技术支持.