基于多元相关分析法的岩溶隧道涌水量预测

降雨往往是影响岩溶隧道涌水的最主要因素,受岩溶含水系统调蓄作用的影响,降雨补给地下水一般都具有明显的滞后特征,因此岩溶隧道涌水量的大小不仅与当日降雨量有关,还可能受前期降雨量的影响,以隧道涌水量与当日降雨量建立的回归方程往往预测精度较低.以野三关隧道和马鹿箐隧道进口泄水洞的隧道涌水为例,运用多元相关分析法探讨了隧道涌水量与多日降雨量的相关关系和多元回归方程,并依据隧道实际涌水量监测资料对回归方程进行了检验.结果表明:在具有较长序列的隧道涌水量和降雨量观测资料的情况下,利用多元相关分析法可以比较简单、快捷、准确地预测隧道未来不同降雨条件下涌水量的变化;但值得特别注意的是,对于非全排型涌水隧道,仅依据隧道涌水量与降雨量建立的相关方程来预测隧道未来降雨条件下的涌水量会有较大误差,此时需结合所有排泄点的总排泄量与降雨量建立更多元的相关方程才能够取得较好的预测效果.     

液相色谱质谱法测定水体及土壤中的类固醇激素

建立了水体和土壤中类固醇激素的液相色谱质谱分析方法。水样采用固相萃取方法富集,土壤样经加速溶剂萃取后由固相萃取净化和富集。处理好的样品经丹磺酰衍生化后上仪器分析。结果表明,类固醇激素在水体和土壤中的检出限分别为0.01~0.6ng/L和0.01~0.19ng/g,回收率分别为77%~97%和62%~119%,RSD小于6.04%和15.5%。该方法具有较高的准确度和精密度,适用于环境水体及土壤中类固醇激素残留的分析。     

Heterogeneous uptake of nitrogen dioxide on Chinese mineral dust

Mineral dust is one of the major aerosols in the atmosphere. To assess its impact on trace atmospheric gases, in this work we present a laboratory study of the effect of temperature on the heterogeneous reaction of NO₂ on the surface of ambient Chinese dust over the temperature range from 258 to 313 K. The results suggest that nitrogen dioxide could mainly be adsorbed on these types of Chinese mineral dust reversibly with little temperature dependence. Similar to a previous study on NO₂ uptake on mineral aerosols, the uptake coefficients are mainly on the order of 10^− 6 for the Chinese dust, when BET areas are taken into account. HONO was observed as a product, and its formation and decomposition on Chinese mineral dust during the uptake processes were also studied. The complete dataset from this study was compiled with previous literature determinations. Atmospheric implications of the heterogeneous reaction between NO₂ and mineral dust are also discussed, in an effort to understand this important heterogeneous process.     

Hg removal from flue gas over different zeolites modified by FeCl3

The elemental mercury removal abilities of three different zeolites (NaA, NaX, HZSM-5) impregnated with iron(III) chloride were studied on a lab-scale fixed-bed reactor. X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption porosimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) analyses were used to investigate the physicochemical properties. Results indicated that the pore structure and active chloride species on the surface of the samples are the key factors for physisorption and oxidation of Hg⁰, respectively. Relatively high surface area and micropore volume are beneficial to efficient mercury adsorption. The active Cl species generated on the surface of the samples were effective oxidants able to convert elemental mercury (Hg⁰) into oxidized mercury (Hg^2 +). The crystallization of NaCl due to the ion exchange effect during the impregnation of NaA and NaX reduced the number of active Cl species on the surface, and restricted the physisorption of Hg⁰. Therefore, the Hg⁰ removal efficiencies of the samples were inhibited. The TPD analysis revealed that the species of mercury on the surface of FeCl₃–HZSM-5 was mainly in the form of mercuric chloride (HgCl₂), while on FeCl₃–NaX and FeCl₃–NaA it was mainly mercuric oxide (HgO).     

Tricrystalline TiO2 with enhanced photocatalytic activity and durability for removing volatile organic compounds from indoor air

It is important to develop efficient and economic techniques for removing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor air. Heterogeneous TiO₂-based semiconductors are a promising technology for achieving this goal. Anatase/brookite/rutile tricrystalline TiO₂ with mesoporous structure was synthesized by a low-temperature hydrothermal route in the presence of HNO₃. The obtained samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherm. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by photocatalytic decomposition of toluene in air under UV light illumination. The results show that tricrystalline TiO₂ exhibited higher photocatalytic activity and durability toward gaseous toluene than bicrystalline TiO₂, due to the synergistic effects of high surface area, uniform mesoporous structure and junctions among mixed phases. The tricrystalline TiO₂ prepared at R_HNO3 = 0.8, containing 80.7% anatase, 15.6% brookite and 3.7% rutile, exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity, about 3.85-fold higher than that of P25. The high activity did not significantly degrade even after five reuse cycles. In conclusion, it is expected that our study regarding gas-phase degradation of toluene over tricrystalline TiO₂ will enrich the chemistry of the TiO₂-based materials as photocatalysts for environmental remediation and stimulate further research interest on this intriguing topic.     

不同初始氮浓度对小球藻生长及氮吸收的影响

将小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)接入不同初始NO3--N浓度的培养基中进行培养,通过分析测定藻密度、细胞内氮、叶绿素-a和硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)等参数,探讨不同初始氮浓度对小球藻生长代谢的影响。结果显示:添加氮源可以明显促进小球藻的生长,且随着氮源浓度的提高促生长作用增强,但高浓度的氮在生长后期抑制了藻的生长。Monod方程揭示了藻的生长与水中氮浓度之间的关系,9.2 mg/L组的最大比生长率(μmax)在3个处理组中最大,然后依次是27.7 mg/L和4.6 mg/L组。半饱和常数(Ks)呈现4.6 mg/L27.7 mg/L9.2 mg/L组的趋势。小球藻细胞内氮与叶绿素-a的增长曲线基本吻合,细胞内份额氮与叶绿素-a的增长不同步。小球藻生长过程中NRA呈现先升高之后逐渐降低的趋势,9.2 mg/L和27.7 mg/L组NRA相近,表明NRA可能存在一定阈值。     

环境影响评价中公众参与问题的研究

公众参与作为环境影响评价的重要内容之一,对于公民更好的行使环境保护权利,提高政府的执行力及项目的环境和经济效益具有重要的作用和意义。文章基于《建设项目环境影响评价政府信息公开指南》(试行)、《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》、《环境影响评价公众参与暂行办法》等相关法律法规及技术规范,从公众参与的开展类别、调查范围、调查方式等方面阐述如何开展公众参与工作,以期为今后更好开展公众参与工作提供参考和借鉴。     

吹扫捕集气相色谱-质谱法测定水中痕量的乙酸乙酯含量

建立了适用于水中痕量乙酸乙酯吹扫捕集GC-MS选择离子监测(SIS)模式的下测定方法,并对吹扫方法进行了优化。结果表明,吹扫时间为10 min时,吹扫捕集效率最高。水中痕量乙酸乙酯经吹扫捕集水/土自动进样器到捕集阱中,解吸后经气相色谱柱分离,在质谱检测器检测,外标法定量。该方法测定乙酸乙酯的检出限为0.1μg/L,线性范围0.25~40μg/L,其相关系数r2=0.999 2,样品的加标回收率为87.7%~103.3%,RSD为1.1%~5.8%。此方法能够快速、高效地分析水中的痕量乙酸乙酯。     

水中普萘洛尔的紫外光降解机制及其产物毒性

以高压汞灯为光源,研究了紫外光照条件下水中普萘洛尔(PRO)的光解行为、机制及安全性.PRO光解机制通过活性氧物种(ROS)猝灭实验来确定,光解产物安全性通过发光菌毒性实验来评价.结果表明,PRO的光解速率常数(k)随初始浓度的增加而下降,两者呈显著负相关关系(r2>0.95).随着溶液初始pH的升高,PRO的光解加快,pH 5~9的PRO溶液的k值为0.0953~0.267 min-1.ROS猝灭实验表明,PRO的紫外光解过程包括了激发三重态PRO(3PRO*)参与的直接光解,以及羟基自由基(·OH)和单线态氧(1O2)参与的自敏化光解,直接光解速率常数大于自敏化光解速率常数.采用FFA探针方法测定了不同实验条件下1O2的浓度,其总体变化规律与猝灭实验所得结论一致.发光菌毒性实验表明,PRO光解生成了比母体化合物毒性更强的中间产物.     

决策偏好对水环境污染物总量分配的影响

总量分配是制订污染物总量控制方案的基础,在总量分配方法中合理性指数法是由各因素组成的多目标分配方法,是一种新方法、新思路.由于各因素之间对应的权重系数通常采用专家打分方法确定,因此,分析主观性对总量分配结果的影响具有十分重要的意义.论文共选取30名不同领域的人员,并进行分组,分别对权重因子进行打分,分析不同类型的人员权重分布的特点及其对污染物总量分配结果的影响.研究结果表明:不同人员的权重因子对污染物总量分配具有一定的影响,对最后的决策结果产生一定的不确定性.从分配总量结果来看,TN、TP平均值分别为1.64万t·a-1、0.12万t·a-1,标准差分别为0.16万t·a-1、0.014万t·a-1,变差系数分别为0.09、0.12;从分组结果来看,管理人员一致性较好,研究人员一致性较差.总体而言,综合考虑不同领域专家的意见是保持总量分配方案的合理性和一致性的有效途径.