Protection of wetlands as a strategy for reducing the spread of avian influenza from migratory waterfowl

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has led to the death or destruction of millions of domesticated and wild birds and caused hundreds of human deaths worldwide. As with other HPAIs, H5N1 outbreaks among poultry have generally been caused by contact with infected migratory waterfowl at the interface of wildlands and human-dominated landscapes. Using a case–control epidemiological approach, we analyzed the relation between habitat protection and H5N1 outbreaks in China from 2004 to 2017. We found that while proximity to unprotected waterfowl habitats and rice paddy generally increased outbreak risk, proximity to the most highly protected habitats (e.g., Ramsar-designated lakes and wetlands) had the opposite effect. Protection likely involves two mechanisms: the separation of wild waterfowl and poultry populations and the diversion of wild waterfowl from human-dominated landscapes toward protected natural habitats. Wetland protection could therefore be an effective means to control avian influenza while also contributing to avian conservation.     

Toxicity assessment of municipal sewage treatment plant effluent by an integrated biomarker response in the liver of crucian carp (Carassius auratus)

In this study, crucian carp (Carassius auratus) was exposed to the increasing concentrations of municipal sewage treatment plant effluent (MSTPE) for 15 days, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), together with the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) in the liver of C. auratus were investigated. Moreover, the integrated biomarker response (IBR) approach was applied to assess the adverse effects of MSTPE in freshwater. The aim of the study was to provide an effective biological indicator for evaluating the toxicity effects and ecological risks of MSTPE in the freshwater environment quantitatively. Results showed that MSTPE could cause oxidative damage to the liver of C. auratus, which reflected through the increasing MDA content over the exposure period. MSTPE also led to the biochemical responses of antioxidant defense in C. auratus liver, such as the enhancement of SOD, CAT, and GPx activities, as well as the inhibition of AChE activity and GSH content. It was found that MDA, SOD, GPx, and GSH could be used as the biomarkers for reflecting the adverse effects of MSTPE in the receiving freshwater on the 12th day of exposure. A significant increase of IBR values was observed as the increasing concentration of MSTPE, and the IBR values presented a significant positive correlation (r?=?0.891, P?<?0.05) with the increasing concentrations of MSTPE, indicating that IBR approach is a promising tool for assessing the toxicity effects of MSTPE in environmental freshwater.

     

烟台市PM2.5空间分布特征与来源解析

2016—2017年,选取烟台市3个代表性点位采集了PM_(2.5)样品,分析了其质量浓度和化学组成特征,并利用化学质量平衡(CMB)模型对环境空气受体进行了来源解析。结果表明:PM_(2.5)浓度呈现出盛泉工业园点位[(68.9±30.5)μg/m~3]福山环保局点位[(64.5±25.5)μg/m~3]百盛商城点位[(58.8±19.2)μg/m~3]的空间分布特征。水溶性离子、碳组分(OC和EC)和地壳类元素表现出不同的分布特征,与各点位所代表的不同功能区有关。形成机制上,NO~-_3在福山环保局点位主要以NH_4NO_3形式存在,而在盛泉工业园点位存在一定的Ca(NO_3)_2形式占比。源解析结果显示,3个点位均受到海盐源的影响,福山环保局点位二次颗粒物污染最为严重(43.9%),盛泉工业园点位燃煤源贡献突出(16.4%)。     

长江中下游流域人类活动强度及其对湿地景观格局影响研究

目前关于大尺度下人类活动强度对湿地景观格局影响的研究较少,为揭示长江中下游流域湿地景观格局与人类活动强度的关系,以1995～2015年的土地利用数据为基础,综合运用人类活动强度模型和景观指数等方法,分析研究区人类活动强度演变特征、湿地景观格局特征及人类活动强度对湿地景观格局的影响。结果表明:(1)人类活动高强度带面积增加,低强度带面积减少;1995～2015年,各强度带的人类活动强度平均值均呈增长趋势,强度带等级越高,平均值增幅越大。(2)20年间,湿地面积不断增加,占比分别为5.14%、5.27%和5.30%;湖泊和沼泽地分别减少了70.73 km~2和216.53 km~2,而水库坑塘面积增加了1 155.32 km~2,对湿地增加的贡献率达94.75%,研究期主要是人工湿地在扩张,而自然湿地在萎缩;湿地景观的破碎度减弱,景观多样性减少。(3)伴随人类活动强度的增强湿地相对变化呈"收缩"效应,且在人类活动强度越高的区域,"收缩"效应越明显;随着人类活动强度降低,湿地景观破碎度减弱,聚集度下降,景观多样性增强,景观形状趋于复杂。研究结果可为长江中下游湿地保护和人类活动管控提供决策支持。     

基于人员心理-环境因素的火灾疏散速度修正方法研究

为探究人在火灾环境下的行为心理对疏散效率的影响,基于火灾下人员行为心理特征具有复杂、抽象、难以直接量化的特性,通过模糊逻辑方法,应用模糊集合、模糊规则和隶属度函数量化人的行为心理,研究其对疏散速度的影响;考虑火灾烟气和群体行为对疏散的影响,通过对高层建筑火灾状况下的烟气进行数值分析,并运用公式法得出人员的疏散速度折减值;以某高层商业建筑火灾疏散为例,将修正后人员的疏散速度和疏散路径引入疏散分析并与未修正的结果进行比较。结果表明:未修正的商业建筑疏散时间为470 s,修正后的疏散时间为670 s,修正后的疏散时间更长,人员危险性更大。     

"哨兵-3"卫星OLCI影像MPH算法反演太湖叶绿素a及藻草区分的研究

利用"哨兵-3"卫星OLCI影像数据,基于其619,665,681,709,753和885 nm中心波长对应的6个波段构建的最大特征峰高度(MPH)算法,采用SNAP 7. 0遥感专业软件,计算了典型日期太湖MPH算法得到的叶绿素a浓度、浮藻区、藻水混悬区、水草区的分布。结果表明:(1) MPH算法能够精确地识别太湖水草和蓝藻;(2) MPH算法能够提取稠密铺集水表层的"浮藻区",并区分出藻密度较小、水华现象轻微～轻度、蓝藻主要浸没在水面以下的"藻水混悬区"。与MODIS、VIIRS等常用的蓝藻水华遥感传感器相比,OLCI展现了更出色、更精细化的水生态遥感监测能力,可提高蓝藻水华预警预报水平。     

一株PVA降解菌的筛选及其降解条件的优化

从被PVA直接污染的环境中筛选获得一株能高效降解聚乙烯醇的微生物菌株Z5。对其生长过程及PVA降解过程进行研究,发现该菌株在48 h内可降解79.24%的聚乙烯醇(PVA)。同时研究了Z5菌株的降解特性,结果表明,该菌株降解PVA最适条件为:温度30℃、pH6.2、装液量30 mL;牛肉膏、蛋白胨、NaCl、PVA浓度分别为:0.05 g/L、0.1 g/L、2 g/L和2 g/L。     

烧结烟气脱硫剂性能的研究

为了提高脱硫效率和合理利用烧结过程中产生的机头灰,在半干法烟气脱硫剂生石灰中,加入一定量的烧结机头灰作为脱硫催化剂。在测定机头灰与生石灰化学成分、粒度和比表面积的基础上,研究和分析了机头灰与生石灰的质量配比对于脱硫效率的影响。结果表明,脱硫剂与机头灰在粒径分布和比表面积上都较接近,但经过消化活化后的混合脱硫剂的比表面积明显增大。当机头灰添加量为脱硫剂质量的2%～5%时,脱硫效率提高了2%～3%。机头灰与生石灰的胶凝反应以及机头灰中Fe2O3的催化作用是主要的作用机理。     

我国氯碱行业汞污染现状与防治对策

介绍了汞污染的来源、危害及治理现状,分析了氯碱行业的高汞触媒污染严重、汞流失环节多、含汞废触媒回收处理中存在污染隐患等汞污染问题,提出了减少氯碱行业汞消耗与汞污染的对策和措施.