盐城市空气微生物调查与评价

为了解盐城市空气微生物污染状况,于2009—2013年在盐城市布设了4个城市主要功能区点位和1个市郊清洁参照点,采用自然沉降法采集空气中细菌和马丁霉菌样品进行分析。结果表明,盐城市空气中细菌数量最多的为交通区,其次依次为文教区、工业区、居民区,清洁参照点最少;马丁霉菌数量最多的是交通区,其次依次为工业区、居民区、文教区,清洁参照点最少。盐城市空气微生物污染级别除交通区外,其他功能区均处于较清洁或轻微污染,污染程度呈逐年波动下降趋势。     

工业链条炉燃用型煤与原煤颗粒物排放特征

选取燃烧型煤和原煤的典型链条炉,应用自行设计的固定源烟气颗粒物稀释采样系统,现场测试细颗粒物PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和金属元素的排放特征。结果表明,型煤燃烧细颗粒物的排放比例高于原煤,型煤燃烧除尘器进口、出口PM_(2.5)质量比原煤燃烧分别增加715%和708%。燃烧型煤时,As和Pb在各粒径段的质量比均比原煤大。同时,由于型煤燃烧可吸入颗粒物的排放比例增加,包含或附着在烟尘上的金属元素排放比例也相应增加。     

填埋垃圾中TOC含量的测定方法优化

垃圾的TOC含量是评价垃圾矿质腐殖化机理研究的重要指标,以本课题组模拟垃圾填埋系统中的垃圾样品为研究对象,以土壤TOC测定方法为基础,通过单因素实验和正交实验(L25(56))对垃圾样品的TOC的测定方法进行优化。结果表明,TOC测定优化条件为:风干样品(0.1±0.0005)g,Ag2SO40.075 g,0.4 mol/L(1/6K2Cr2O7)-H2SO4溶液(含1/2H2SO412.6 mol/L)10 mL,180℃的砂浴加热45 min。此条件下,RSD小于3.23%,表明该方法精密度高,可行性强。     

A Modal Approach to Vehicular Emissions and Fuel Consumption Model Development

Abstract

This study reports on the analysis of emissions and fuel consumption from motor vehicles using a modal approach. The four standard driving modes are idling, accelerating, cruising, and decelerating. On‐road data were collected using instrumented test vehicles traveling many times through the urban areas of Hong Kong. A model was developed for estimating vehicular fuel consumption and emissions as a function of instantaneous speed and driving mode. Piecewise interpolation functions were proposed for each nonidling driving mode. Idling emission and fuel consumption rates were estimated as negative exponential functions of idling time. Preliminary modeling results showed good agreements for the test vehicles and indicated that the on‐road measurements are feasible for the development of modal emission and fuel consumption models.     

Removal of NOx from Flue Gas with Iron Filings Reduction Following Complex Absorption in Ferrous Chelates Aqueous Solutions

Abstract

A novel process for removal of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) from flue gases with iron filings reduction following complex absorption in iron-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid aqueous solution is proposed. The reaction mechanism involved in the process is discussed briefly. The parameters influencing the process, including the concentration of ferrous chelates, initial pH, amount of iron filings, temperature, flow rate of the flue gas, and inlet nitric oxide concentration and oxygen content of the flue gas, are researched in detail. The optimal NO_x removal conditions are established. The regeneration and circular utilization of the absorption solution also is studied.     

Characterizing the interactions between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and fulvic acids in water

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic chemicals and are listed as priority pollutants by the US EPA. Although they are sparsely soluble in water, their solubility can be increased by binding to dissolved organic matter in natural waters, which will further increase their environmental risk as toxic pollutants. In this study, the interaction between PAHs, exemplified by fluorene and anthracene, and fulvic acid (FA) was studied using fluorescence quenching titration method with fluorescence emission spectra, respectively. The association of FA with the mixture of fluorene and anthracene was also evaluated by excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectrometry combined with parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis. Results demonstrate that EEM fluorescence spectrometry with PARAFAC analysis was sensitive and reliable to determine the binding properties of PAHs with FA in a mixed aqueous solution. The conditional stability constants and binding capacities show that both PAHs bind to FA tightly.     

天然锰砂去除水中的砷

天然锰砂是一种廉价、高效的水处理用材料,但尚未用于水中砷的去除。实验研究了反应时间、砷形态、初始砷浓度、温度、溶液初始pH对吸附过程的影响。结果表明,天然锰砂对As(Ⅲ)的吸附能力大于As(Ⅴ)。25℃时,固液比为10 g/L的条件下,天然锰砂对初始浓度为5.0 mg/L的砷溶液吸附过程经72 h基本达到平衡,平衡时对As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的去除率分别达到94.5%和85.9%。吸附过程符合Lagergren准一级反应动力学模型和假二级反应动力学模型。相比之下,假二级动力学模型拟合程度更高。对As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ),45℃时的吸附量均大于25℃时。不同温度下,天然锰砂对As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的吸附过程更符合Freundlich等温吸附模型。在溶液初始pH为3～10范围内,锰砂对砷的吸附能力受pH的影响较小。实验结果表明,天然锰砂是一种具有实际应用潜力的除砷材料。     

稠油废水破乳剂的研究进展

介绍了稠油废水的来源、特点和乳化成因,综述了稠油废水破乳剂的研究进展,分析了不同破乳剂的破乳机理和优缺点,并对破乳剂的发展方向进行了展望和建议。     

Evaluation of spatial-temporal variations and trends in surface water quality across a rural-suburban-urban interface

Water quality degradation is often a severe consequence of rapid economic expansion in developing countries. Methods to assess spatial-temporal patterns and trends in water quality are essential for guiding adaptive management efforts aimed at water quality remediation. Temporal and spatial patterns of surface water quality were investigated for 54 monitoring sites in the Wen-Rui Tang River watershed of eastern China to identify such patterns in water quality occurring across a rural-suburban-urban interface. Twenty physical and chemical water quality parameters were analyzed in surface waters collected once every 4–8 weeks from 2000 to 2010. Temporal and spatial variations among water quality parameters were assessed between seasons (wet/dry) and among major land use zones (urban/suburban/rural). Factor analysis was used to identify parameters that were important in assessing seasonal and spatial variations in water quality. Results revealed that parameters related to organic pollutants (dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (manganese) (COD_Mn), and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅)), nutrients (ammonia nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺-N), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP)), and salt concentration (electrical conductivity (EC)) were the most important parameters contributing to water quality variation. Collectively, they explained 70.9 % of the total variance. A trend study using the seasonal Kendall test revealed reductions in COD_Mn, BOD₅, NH₄ ⁺-N, petrol, V-phen, and EC concentrations over the 11-year study period. Cluster analysis was employed to evaluate variation among 14 sampling sites representative of dominant land use categories and indicated three, three, and four clusters based on organic, nutrient, and salt water quality characteristics, respectively. Factors that are typically responsible for water quality degradation (including population, topography, and land use) showed no strong correlation with water quality trends implying considerable point source inputs in the watershed. The results of this study help inform ongoing water quality remediation efforts by documenting trends in water quality across various land use zones.     

两段式混合滤料渗滤系统处理模拟废水

两段式混合滤料渗滤系统在土壤渗滤系统的基础之上,加强反硝化反应,进而强化脱氮过程。为强化脱氮,整个系统被分成好氧段和厌氧段。混合滤料的使用可有效防止系统堵塞。厌氧段添加的锯末草灰为反硝化反应提供了足够的碳源,因此运行初期厌氧段内NO3--N去除率可达100%。同时铁屑的添加除强化还原环境外还加强了TP的去除效果。采用模拟废水的研究结果表明:运行稳定后,该系统对COD、NH4+-N、TN和TP的平均去除率分别达到了87.7%、82.6%、81.0%和90.4%。