天津市入海排污口监管体系研究

入海排污口监管是海洋生态环境保护管理制度的重要一环,也是陆海统筹、系统治理的重要措施。本文聚焦入海排污口监管体系设计,针对天津市入海排污口监管存在的主要问题,系统地提出了入海排污口长效化管理机制建设思路和保障措施建议,为全国推广开展入海排污口监管提供参考。     

Warming of surface water in the large and shallow lakes across the Yangtze River Basin,China, and its driver analysis

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - A variety of physical, chemical, and biological processes within the lakes relies on the surface water temperature while the spatial pattern of large...     

城市污泥用作水泥行业替代燃料的可行性分析

采用X射线荧光光谱仪、全自动数显量热仪和原子吸收分光光度计等检测手段测定3种不同来源的干化城市污泥及煤粉的成分、热值和重金属毒性,对比分析了污泥用作水泥工业部分替代燃料的可能性,通过热重(TG)试验研究了污泥掺比对混合燃料燃烧效果的影响。结果表明:3种干燥污泥发热量较高,最高可达16.02 MJ/kg,且主要成分与煤粉相似,均为CaO、SO_3、Al_2O_3和SiO_2,比例之和超过65%,可部分替代水泥生产燃料;污泥灼烧后,剩余灰分中重金属质量比满足GB 50295—2008《水泥工厂设计规范》标准限制,不会对水泥熟料产生影响;干燥污泥的加入可促进煤的燃尽,混合燃料TG曲线随污泥比例增加向低温段移动;部分混合燃料固定碳燃烧阶段放热量低于5 000 J/g,污泥掺量以不超过40%为宜。     

1986~2015年中国东南沿海致灾气旋#br# 及其直接经济损失变化特征

将造成经济损失的热带气旋定义为致灾气旋。基于1986~2015年浙江、福建和广东省180个致灾气旋路径、灾情以及气象数据,研究致灾气旋发生的频次、经标准化处理的经济损失及风雨的时空变化特征。（1）1986~2015年东南沿海地区致灾气旋频数整体呈上升趋势。广东省致灾气旋发生频次最多,浙江省相对较小,但强度高于台风的致灾气旋发生频次增加显著。（2）浙江、福建和广东省致灾气旋造成的经济损失呈上升趋势,但占各省当年GDP的比重均有所减少,广东省比重下降最为显著;浙江省受致灾气旋经济影响最严重,损失较高的致灾气旋发生概率最大,福建省受致灾气旋影响相对较小。（3）降水量及风速是造成致灾气旋直接经济损失的重要因素,风速是影响广东省经济损失的主要因子,浙江省受降水量变化影响显著,而福建省受降水量及风速影响相对较小。浙江省东部和南部、福建省东北部以及广东省东部和西南部致灾气旋发生频次高,引起风速大、降水多,造成直接经济损失最严重。研究结果有利于深化对东南沿海地区热带气旋基本特征及损失的认识,为中国东南沿海热带气旋防灾减灾政策提供了参考。     

航空电子设备大气中子单粒子效应故障率预计方法

本文分析了航空电子设备大气中子单粒子效应防护技术的国际系列标准现状,首次提出了一套航空电子设备大气中子单粒子效应故障率预计方法,阐述了其计算原理、计算程序与计算案例。验证案例表明,地面模拟试验值与三个不同数据来源的预计值在一定的误差范围以内,可以为在飞机全寿命周期过程中及时发现中子单粒子效应故障对设备的危害影响提供一个必要的定量计算工具。     

Protection of wetlands as a strategy for reducing the spread of avian influenza from migratory waterfowl

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has led to the death or destruction of millions of domesticated and wild birds and caused hundreds of human deaths worldwide. As with other HPAIs, H5N1 outbreaks among poultry have generally been caused by contact with infected migratory waterfowl at the interface of wildlands and human-dominated landscapes. Using a case–control epidemiological approach, we analyzed the relation between habitat protection and H5N1 outbreaks in China from 2004 to 2017. We found that while proximity to unprotected waterfowl habitats and rice paddy generally increased outbreak risk, proximity to the most highly protected habitats (e.g., Ramsar-designated lakes and wetlands) had the opposite effect. Protection likely involves two mechanisms: the separation of wild waterfowl and poultry populations and the diversion of wild waterfowl from human-dominated landscapes toward protected natural habitats. Wetland protection could therefore be an effective means to control avian influenza while also contributing to avian conservation.     

Toxicity assessment of municipal sewage treatment plant effluent by an integrated biomarker response in the liver of crucian carp (Carassius auratus)

In this study, crucian carp (Carassius auratus) was exposed to the increasing concentrations of municipal sewage treatment plant effluent (MSTPE) for 15 days, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), together with the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) in the liver of C. auratus were investigated. Moreover, the integrated biomarker response (IBR) approach was applied to assess the adverse effects of MSTPE in freshwater. The aim of the study was to provide an effective biological indicator for evaluating the toxicity effects and ecological risks of MSTPE in the freshwater environment quantitatively. Results showed that MSTPE could cause oxidative damage to the liver of C. auratus, which reflected through the increasing MDA content over the exposure period. MSTPE also led to the biochemical responses of antioxidant defense in C. auratus liver, such as the enhancement of SOD, CAT, and GPx activities, as well as the inhibition of AChE activity and GSH content. It was found that MDA, SOD, GPx, and GSH could be used as the biomarkers for reflecting the adverse effects of MSTPE in the receiving freshwater on the 12th day of exposure. A significant increase of IBR values was observed as the increasing concentration of MSTPE, and the IBR values presented a significant positive correlation (r?=?0.891, P?<?0.05) with the increasing concentrations of MSTPE, indicating that IBR approach is a promising tool for assessing the toxicity effects of MSTPE in environmental freshwater.

     

烟台市PM2.5空间分布特征与来源解析

2016—2017年,选取烟台市3个代表性点位采集了PM_(2.5)样品,分析了其质量浓度和化学组成特征,并利用化学质量平衡(CMB)模型对环境空气受体进行了来源解析。结果表明:PM_(2.5)浓度呈现出盛泉工业园点位[(68.9±30.5)μg/m~3]福山环保局点位[(64.5±25.5)μg/m~3]百盛商城点位[(58.8±19.2)μg/m~3]的空间分布特征。水溶性离子、碳组分(OC和EC)和地壳类元素表现出不同的分布特征,与各点位所代表的不同功能区有关。形成机制上,NO~-_3在福山环保局点位主要以NH_4NO_3形式存在,而在盛泉工业园点位存在一定的Ca(NO_3)_2形式占比。源解析结果显示,3个点位均受到海盐源的影响,福山环保局点位二次颗粒物污染最为严重(43.9%),盛泉工业园点位燃煤源贡献突出(16.4%)。     

一株PVA降解菌的筛选及其降解条件的优化

从被PVA直接污染的环境中筛选获得一株能高效降解聚乙烯醇的微生物菌株Z5。对其生长过程及PVA降解过程进行研究,发现该菌株在48 h内可降解79.24%的聚乙烯醇(PVA)。同时研究了Z5菌株的降解特性,结果表明,该菌株降解PVA最适条件为:温度30℃、pH6.2、装液量30 mL;牛肉膏、蛋白胨、NaCl、PVA浓度分别为:0.05 g/L、0.1 g/L、2 g/L和2 g/L。