The influence of various additives on coagulation process at different dosing point: From a perspective of structure properties

Structure properties of flocs (size, fractal dimension (D_f), etc.) have a high impact on coagulation efficiency. In this work, the influences of three different additives (ferric salt (Fe), phosphate (P), and citric acid (CA)) on coagulation process/efficiency were investigated. Results showed that a small amount of extra Fe can facilitate the growth of Al flocs by providing more ‘active sites’. Although zeta potential and D_f showed a limited change, the average floc size increased apparently and the increment was more obvious when Fe was added after the formation of the flocs. In contrast, P addition during the rapid mixing period will decrease the final average floc size, while the influence is less significant when P was added after the growth of the flocs. In terms of CA, a more striking negative effect on the growth ability of the flocs was observed compared to P. The strong complexing/coordination interactions between CA and aluminum hydroxide is the main reason behind the influence. CA also significantly decreased the D_f value of the flocs compared to P, and D_f showed a comparatively higher decrease when P or CA was added during the rapid mixing stage compared to the addition after the flocs formation. These results indicated that the addition of CA or P during the rapid mixing stage ‘inactivated’ or occupied more ‘active sites’ on the preliminarily formed Al NPs during the hydrolysis process, and therefore presented stronger impact on the morphology/size of the formed flocs.     

0.6米×0.6米跨超声速风洞噪声的分析及降噪研究

0.6米×0.6米跨超声速风洞是一座直流暂冲式风洞,风洞运行时的噪声最高达到120dB,为了降低噪声对人员和实验的影响,本文通过声学测量和理论分析噪声的特性,提出具体的降噪措施,为风洞厂房的建设提供科学依据。     

Strong ozone production at a rural site in theNorth China Plain: Mixed effects of urban plumesand biogenic emissions

Regional ozone (O₃) pollution has drawn increasing attention in China over the recent decade, but the contributions from urban pollution and biogenic emissions have not been clearly elucidated. To better understand the formation of the regional O₃ problem in the North China Plain (NCP), intensive field measurements of O₃ and related parameters were conducted at a rural site downwind of Ji'nan, the capital city of Shandong province, in the summer of 2013. Markedly severe O₃ pollution was recorded, with the O₃ mixing ratios exceeding the Chinese national ambient air quality standard on 28?days (a frequency of 78%) and with a maximum hourly value of 198 ppbv. Extensive regional transport of well-processed urban plumes to the site was identified. An observation-constrained chemical box model was deployed to evaluate in situ photochemical O₃ production on two episodes. The results show that the in situ formation accounted for approximately 46% of the observed O₃ accumulation, while the remainder (~ 54%) was contributed by regional transport of the O₃-laden urban plumes. The in situ ozone production was in a mixed controlled regime that reducing either NOx or VOCs would lead to a reduction of ozone formation. Biogenic VOCs played an important role in the local ozone formation. This study demonstrates the significant mixed effects of both anthropogenic pollution from urban zones and biogenic emission in rural areas on the regional O₃ pollution in the NCP region, and may have general applicability in facilitating the understanding of the formation of secondary pollution over China.     

气相分子吸收光谱法测定垃圾填埋场渗滤液中的氨氮研究

垃圾填埋场渗滤液成分复杂,其氨氮的测定干扰物质多,测定难度大.气相分子吸收光谱法是一种较为新兴的方法,通过对气相分子吸收光谱法和传统纳氏试剂分光光度法系统的比较,研究气相分子吸收光谱法测定垃圾填埋场渗滤液中氨氮的分析方法.结果表明,气相分子吸收光谱法测定垃圾填埋场渗滤液中氨氮操作便捷、干扰小、精密度好,中浓度与高浓度废水测定结果能较好的与纳氏试剂光度法测定结果法吻合,超低浓度废水的测定结果低于纳氏试剂分光光度法.为监测工作者分析方法的选择提供依据.     

基于全生命周期评价理论的EREV/BEV/ICEV环境效益及减碳经济性评估

为完善增程式电动汽车（Extended range electric vehicle,EREV）全生命周期环境影响和经济效益评价研究,对EREV、纯电动汽车（Battery electric vehicle,BEV）和内燃机汽车（Internal combustion engine vehicle,ICEV）进行了对比分析.基于生命周期评价理论和生命周期成本分析方法,构建了车辆生命周期资源消耗、能源消耗、环境影响和成本评价模型,针对不同汽车各阶段材料消耗、能源消耗和环境排放三大特性,识别EREV、BEV和ICEV的环境负荷差异,并从初始购置成本、使用维护成本和报废回收成本3个方面评价了EREV、BEV和ICEV的生命周期成本差异.综合碳排放特性和经济属性,进一步提出减碳经济性评价指标,科学评价EREV和BEV的环境效益和减碳经济性,并讨论了不同电力结构下EREV、BEV和ICEV的生命周期温室气体排放情况和减碳经济性变化.对增程式电动汽车进行全生命周期内综合评价研究,进一步明确EREV在多种能源类型汽车技术路线中的环境效益和减碳经济性.结果表明,相比于ICEV,BEV和EREV在运行使...     

中国钢铁行业排放清单及大气环境影响研究

自下而上建立2018年中国高分辨率钢铁企业大气污染物排放清单（HSEC,2018）,定量模拟中国钢铁企业2018年和未来年情景下排放各种大气污染物对环境的影响情况.结果表明：2018年,中国钢铁行业共排放SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、PCDD/Fs、VOCs、CO、BC、OC、EC、氟化物分别为29.02万t、66.57万t、28.73万t、11.69万t、2.24kg、89.21万t、4057.49万t、0.45万t、0.61万t、0.06万t、0.88万t,焦化、烧结、球团、高炉4个铁前工序是中国钢铁行业大气污染物主要排放环节,中国钢铁行业对各省份SO₂、NO_x、PM_2.5年均浓度贡献比例平均值分别为2.85%、3.37%、1.54%;未来年,中国钢铁企业SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀排放量分别为4.94万t、7.58万t、4.11万t,分别下降了82.98%、88.61%、85.69%,中国钢铁行业对各省份SO₂、NO_x、PM_2.5年均浓度贡献比例平均值分别为0.31%、0.22%、0.02%.     

大亚湾表层沉积物间隙水与上覆水中营养盐分布特征

通过2007年4月和8月2次对大亚湾内13个站位的采样分析,探讨了表层沉积物间隙水和上覆水中营养盐含量的时空分布特征,估算了沉积物一海水界面营养盐的扩散通量,并对间隙水和上覆水中的营养盐含量进行了相关性分析.结果表明,大部分表层沉积物间隙水中营养盐含量远高于上覆水,但两者不具有相同的含量分布趋势.PO34-P、SiO23-Si、NH4 4 -N、NO-2-N和NO-3-N在沉积物-海水界面的平均扩散通量分别为9.22、444.99、13.49、20.71、8.99p,mol·m-2·d-1.相关性分析表明,营养盐在间隙水和上覆水中的含量均无明显相关性,说明间隙水中赋存营养盐的浓度并不是其上覆水中营养盐含量的决定因素.     

滇池流域城市型河流盘龙江总磷水环境容量测算研究

为了水体污染物容量总量控制,将盘龙江水环境容量划分为4个控制单元,采用两点示踪法确定盘龙江总磷(TP)综合降解系数,并采用一维水质模型对其进行了验证,在此基础上利用模型计算了盘龙江各控制单元的TP水环境容量.结果表明,盘龙江TP综合降解系数的区间值为0.016 d-1 ±0.002 d-1,盘龙江4个控制单元(Ⅰ段、Ⅱ...     

海-陆大气交汇作用下青岛冬季大气PM2.5污染特征与来源解析

为了研究海-陆大气交汇作用对沿海城市大气污染物的传输与扩散的影响,于2019年11月18日至12月23日在青岛观测站采集大气PM_2.5样品,对PM_2.5中的水溶性离子、无机元素和碳质组分特征进行了分析,并结合后向轨迹聚类分析模型和PMF模型等方法对青岛市冬季大气污染来源进行分析.结果表明,青岛冬季ρ(PM_2.5)平均值为61.0μg·m^-3,其中,ρ（水溶性离子）、ρ（无机元素）、ρ（OC）和ρ（EC）平均值分别为29.9、 5.46、 10.2和3.82μg·m^-3;二次离子(SO₄^2-、 NO^-₃、 NH⁺₄)和地壳元素（Si、 K、 Ca、 Fe、 Ti）是主要的离子和元素成分,分别占水溶性离子和无机元素的89.3%和61.1%.青岛市大气主要受局部海陆风气流影响（43.4%）,其次是季风气流（36.2%）,冷空气气流对青岛影响较低（20.4...     

Quantification of viable bacteria in wastewater treatment plants by using propidium monoazide combined with quantitative PCR (PMA-qPCR)

The detection of viable bacteria in wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) is very important for public health, as WWTPs are a medium with a high potential for waterborne disease transmission. The aim of this study was to use propidium monoazide(PMA) combined with the quantitative polymerase chain reaction(PMA-qPCR) to selectively detect and quantify viable bacteria cells in full-scale WWTPs in China. PMA was added to the concentrated WWTP samples at a final concentration of 100 μmol/L and the samples were incubated in the dark for 5 min, and then lighted for 4 min prior to DNA extraction and qPCR with specific primers for Escherichia coli and Enterococci, respectively. The results showed that PMA treatment removed more than 99% of DNA from non-viable cells in all the WWTP samples, while matrices in sludge samples markedly reduced the effectiveness of PMA treatment. Compared to qPCR, PMA-qPCR results were similar and highly linearly correlated to those obtained by culture assay, indicating that DNA from non-viable cells present in WWTP samples can be eliminated by PMA treatment, and that PMA-qPCR is a reliable method for detection of viable bacteria in environmental samples. This study demonstrated that PMA-qPCR is a rapid and selective detection method for viable bacteria in WWTP samples, and that WWTPs have an obvious function in removing both viable and non-viable bacteria. The results proved that PMA-qPCR is a promising detection method that has a high potential for application as a complementary method to the standard culture-based method in the future.