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501.
Tadesse Getahun Mulat Gebrehiwot Argaw Ambelu Tom Van Gerven Bart Van der Bruggen 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(7):4637-4646
The objective of this study was to estimate the potential of organic municipal solid waste generated in an urban setting in a tropical climate to produce biogas. Five different categories of wastes were considered: fruit waste, food waste, yard waste, paper waste, and mixed waste. These fractions were assessed for their efficiency for biogas production in a laboratory-scale batch digester for a total period of 8 weeks at a temperature of 15–30 °C. During this period, fruit waste, food waste, yard waste, paper waste, and mixed waste were observed to produce 0.15, 0.17, 0.10, 0.08, and 0.15 m3 of biogas per kilogram of volatile solids, respectively. The biogas produced and caloric value of each feedstock was in the range of 1.25?×?10?3 m3 (17 kWh)/cap/day (paper waste) to 15?×?10?3 m3 (170 kWh)/cap/day (mixed waste). Paper waste produced the least (<1×10?3(<17.8 kWh)/cap/day), and mixed waste produced the highest methane yield (10?×?10?3 m3 (178 kWh)/cap/day). Thus, mixed waste was found to be more efficient than other feedstocks for biogas and methane production; this was mainly related to the better C/N ratio in mixed waste. Taking the total waste production in Jimma into account, the total mixed organic solid waste could produce 865?×?103 m3 (5.4 m3/capita) of biogas or 537?×?103 m3 (3.4 m3/capita) of methane per year. The total caloric value of methane production potential from mixed organic municipal solid waste was many times higher than the total energy requirement of the area. 相似文献
502.
Nguyen Van Hop Hoang Thi Quynh Dieu Nguyen Hai Phong 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2017,189(6):299
The concentrations of seven toxic metals (cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn)) were determined in sediments and the soft tissues of a bivalve species (Meretrix lyrata) collected from the Tien Estuary in Tien Giang Province, South Vietnam. The total metal concentrations in sediments (mg/kg dry weight) increased as Cd (0.06) < Cu (5.0) < Pb (13.9) < As (16.3) < Ni (24) < Cr (50) < Zn (62). Speciation analysis revealed that these metals existed mainly in the residual fraction (43–94%), followed by the Fe-Mn oxide-bound (5–35%) and organic/sulfide-bound (0.6–9.2%) fractions. The metal concentrations in M. lyrata (mg/kg dry weight) were in the ranges of 1.3–1.9 (Cd), 1.5–2.8 (Ni), 1.8–3.4 (Cr), 11–16 (As), 0.3–0.6 (Pb), 6.9–8.7 (Cu), and 95–128 (Zn), which are safe for human consumption. The order of the mean biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) of the metals in the non-residual fractions of the sediment for M. lyrata was Cd > Cu > As > Zn > Cr > Ni > Pb. The Risk Assessment Codes (RACs) suggest that the highest mobility of Cd (with RAC = 37%) poses greater environmental risk to aquatic biota. Correlation analysis results show that M. lyrata can be used as a biomonitor of Cd and Cu pollution in the exchangeable, acid-soluble, and non-residual sediment fractions. 相似文献
503.
M. M. Lyons P. Aas J. D. Pakulski L. Van Waasbergen R. V. Miller D. L. Mitchell W. H. Jeffrey 《Marine Biology》1998,130(3):537-543
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has been implicated in coral-bleaching processes and UVR may create stress to marine organisms
by damage to DNA. Absorption of energy from UVB (280 to 320 nm) induces direct damage to DNA via cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer
photoproduct-formation. We examined the extent of DNA damage created by UVR in coral reef microbial communities and whether
the coral-surface microlayer (CSM) provides protection from UVR to the microorganisms found there. Diel patterns and depth
profiles of UVR effects were examined in coral mucus (coral-surface microlayer, CSM) from Montastraea faveolata and Colpophyllia natans, and water-column samples of similar depths. UV-induced photodamage was determined using a radioimmunoassay specific for
cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (thymine dimers). Significant photodamage was detected in water-column and CSM samples, although
the level of damage in CSM samples was consistently lower than in water-column samples collected from the same depth, suggesting
the presence of photoprotective mechanisms within the CSM. Diel patterns of photodamage were detected in both water-column
and CSM samples, but peak damage occurred earlier in the day for the CSM samples, suggesting differences in damage and repair
kinetics between the water column and CSM. The results suggest that microorganisms within the CSM are afforded some protection
from UVR stress and that changes in the amount of DNA damage in these organisms may be an indicator of changing UVR stress
to corals.
Received: 10 January 1997 / Accepted: 15 September 1997 相似文献
504.
A.H.W. Beusen A.F. Bouwman P.S.C. Heuberger G. Van Drecht K.W. Van Der Hoek 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2008,42(24):6067-6077
Here we present an uncertainty analysis of NH3 emissions from agricultural production systems based on a global NH3 emission inventory with a 5×5 min resolution. Of all results the mean is given with a range (10% and 90% percentile). The uncertainty range for the global NH3 emission from agricultural systems is 27–38 (with a mean of 32) Tg NH3-N yr−1, N fertilizer use contributing 10–12 (11) Tg yr−1 and livestock production 16–27 (21) Tg yr−1. Most of the emissions from livestock production come from animal houses and storage systems (31–55%); smaller contributions come from the spreading of animal manure (23–38%) and grazing animals (17–37%). This uncertainty analysis allows for identifying and improving those input parameters with a major influence on the results. The most important determinants of the uncertainty related to the global agricultural NH3 emission comprise four parameters (N excretion rates, NH3 emission rates for manure in animal houses and storage, the fraction of the time that ruminants graze and the fraction of non-agricultural use of manure) specific to mixed and landless systems, and total animal stocks. Nitrogen excretion rates and NH3 emission rates from animal houses and storage systems are shown consistently to be the most important parameters in most parts of the world. Input parameters for pastoral systems are less relevant. However, there are clear differences between world regions and individual countries, reflecting the differences in livestock production systems. 相似文献
505.
Sampling method, storage and pretreatment of sediment affect AVS concentrations with consequences for bioassay responses 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
De Lange HJ Van Griethuysen C Koelmans AA 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,151(1):243-251
Sediment treatment and sediment storage may alter sediment toxicity, and consequently biotic response. Purpose of our study was to combine these three aspects (treatment-toxicity-biotic response) in one integrated approach. We used Acid Volatile Sulfide (AVS) concentrations as a proxy of the disturbance of the sediment. AVS and Simultaneously Extracted Metal (SEM) concentrations were compared to bioassay responses with the freshwater benthic macroinvertebrate Asellus aquaticus. Storage conditions and sediment treatment affected AVS but not SEM levels. AVS can be used as a proxy for sediment disturbance. The best way to pretreat the sediment for use in a bioassay in order to maintain initial AVS conditions was to sample the sediment with an Ekman grab, immediately store it in a jar without headspace, and freeze it as soon as possible. In a survey using seven different sediments, bioassay responses of A. aquaticus were correlated with SEM and AVS characteristics. 相似文献
506.
Nitrate and ammonium concentration in wet deposition detrimentally impacted a sensitive pollution indicator species irrespective of the nitrogen dose. 相似文献
507.
厌氧氨氧化细菌在生物膜系统中起主要脱氮作用的模拟预测 总被引:7,自引:3,他引:7
废水有机物对亚硝化 厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)生物膜系统的影响借助已建立的自养生物膜模型(CANON)与活性污泥3号模型结合进行了理论模拟.被结合的数学模型可以模拟生物膜中自养菌与异养菌活性以及所涉及的全部内在反应(碳氧化、硝化、反硝化、厌氧氨氧化).模拟显示,废水有机物对亚硝化 厌氧氨氧化生物膜系统影响不大;生长稳定的生物膜系统中异养菌反硝化不是脱氮的主反应(最大脱氮作用20%);厌氧氨氧化左右着脱氮功能.除废水中有机物可被全部去除外,当溶解氧最佳时,系统总氮去除率亦可高达90%. 相似文献
508.
生物质燃烧颗粒物的定量分析和化学形态 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
用电子探针技术开展单个含钾颗粒物的分析表征 .第一种方法用蒙特卡洛方法模拟电子束与样品复杂的相互作用 ,对于KCl晶粒取得的计算结果与理论值一致 .K/Cl比的均值为 0 996 ,标准偏差为 0 0 1 2 .由于晶形不规则和热稳定性差 ,K2 SO4 和KHSO4 的结果没有达到KCl的准确度 .其K/S比的均值和标准偏差分别为 1 90 5±0 0 1 3和 1 0 1 4± 0 0 72 .第二种方法用回归分析方法处理了同一种类若干数目的颗粒物分析数据 .直接用同种类标准颗粒物的分析结果校准 ,进行定量分析和化学形态识别 .研究结果表明 ,非洲草原大火燃烧排放时 ,含钾颗粒经历了逐步酸化的过程 .在排放时主要以KCl形态存在 ,少量是K2 SO4 和复盐 .在大气传输过程中逐渐酸化 ,主要转变成KHSO4 .少量停空时间长的颗粒则继续酸化 ,成为高度富硫的颗粒 . 相似文献
509.
Van Hees Patrick A. W. Jones David L. Godbold Douglas L. 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2003,3(4):121-144
The effect of liming (3.45 and 8.75 t ha-1 dolomite; 16 yr after application) on the biodegradation of three low molecular weight organic acids (citrate, oxalate and propionate) in forest soils was investigated. The concentration of organic acids in the soil solution followed the series propionate > citrate > oxalate with liming having no significant impact on soil solution concentrations (mean organic acid concentration = 8.7 ± 2.3 M). Organic acid mineralization by the soil microbial community was rapid in surface organic horizons (mean half-life for citrate = 2–6 h), with biodegradation rate gradually declining with soil depth. Concentration-dependent biodegradation studies (0 to 350 M) showed that the mineralization kinetics generally conformed well to a single Michaelis–Menten equation with Vmax values following the series oxalate > citrate > propionate (mean = 9.8 ± 1.0 nmol g-1 h-1) and KM values following the series oxalate = citrate > propionate (mean 168 ± 25 M). The Vmax values declined with soil depth, which was consistent with a general reduction in microbial activity down the soil profile. Liming induced a significant increase in Vmax for citrate with no change for propionate and reduction in Vmax for oxalate. The latter was probably due to adsorption and precipitation of Ca-oxalate making it unavailable for microbial uptake. The higher adsorption/precipitation capacity for oxalate in the limed soils was confirmed by adsorption isotherms. Generally, liming increased soil microbial activity by approximately 10 to 35% with calculations based on soil solution concentrations indicating that organic acid mineralization constituted approximately 3 to 15% of the total soil respiration. 相似文献
510.
The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ). 相似文献