哈尔滨市城市内涝监测预警系统建设

简要介绍了哈尔滨市城市内涝监测预警系统的主要组成部分、核心技术及理论基础、重要应用价值及意义,并通过在一次强降水实例中的检验,证明该系统具有较高的精确度.在系统核心环节--积水仿真模型的建立中,该项目突破了传统规则网格的划分法,而是根据城市地形地貌特点独创了无结构不规则网格技术.此外,仿真模型中对排水工程设施进行了数字概化,首次实现了地面积水与管道水体模拟之间的结合;初步解决了哈尔滨特有的陆地泵排水模拟问题;将监测雨量信息和数值天气预报信息带入仿真模型,实现了气象学与水文学的结合.通过运行该系统,可以提高对积水预报的准确度.     

In situ removal of copper from sediments by a galvanic cell

This study dealt with in situ removal of copper from sediments through an electrokinetic (EK) process driven by a galvanic cell. Iron (Fe) and carbon (C) were placed separately and connected with a conductive wire. Polluted sediments were put between them and water was filled above the sediments. The galvanic cell was thus formed due to the different electrode potentials of Fe and C. The cell could remove the pollutants in the sediments by electromigration and/or electroosmosis. Results showed that a weak voltage less than 1V was formed by the galvanic cell. The voltage decreased with the increase of time. A slight increase of sediment pH from the anode (Fe) to the cathode (C) was observed. The presence of supernatant water inhibited the variation of sediment pH because H(+) and OH(-) could diffuse into the water. The removal of copper was affected by the sediment pH and the distribution of electrolyte in sediment and supernatant water. Lower pH led to higher removal efficiency. More electrolyte in the sediment and/or less electrolyte in the supernatant water favored the removal of copper. The major removal mechanism was proposed on the basis of the desorption of copper from sediment to pore solution and the subsequent electromigration of copper from the anode to the cathode. The diffusion of copper from sediment to supernatant water was negligible.     

板栗壳对重金属Cr（Ⅵ）吸附性能的研究

从废弃的植物材料中筛选出一种Cr(Ⅵ)高效吸附剂——板栗壳。研究了pH、接触时间、板栗壳用量、温度和Cr (Ⅵ)初始浓度对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附活性的影响。结果表明, 板栗壳的最佳pH为2～3。在pH 2时,Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率达99.7%。在15～35℃的温度范围内,板栗壳对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率随温度的升高而增加。30℃时,Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率可达99%。板栗壳用量对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除有明显影响。由0.2 g增加到0.4 g时, Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率从90.6%提高到99%。在较宽的铬初始浓度范围内,板栗壳对Cr (Ⅵ)有明显的去除作用。     

聚硅酸锌铝的制备及其性能研究

以硅酸钠、硫酸锌、硫酸铝为原料,通过共聚法制备了无机高分子絮凝剂聚硅酸锌铝（PSZAS）,研究了Na₂SiO₃的摩尔浓度、活化时间、Al/Si、Zn/Si 配比及絮凝剂的投加量对絮凝效果的影响,用X-射线衍射（XRD）和电子扫描电镜（SEM）对该絮凝剂的结构及形貌进行了表征。结果表明：当硅酸钠的浓度为0.4 mol/L,硅酸活化时间为2 h,Si∶Al∶Zn=1∶1∶1.5,絮凝剂投加量为20 mL/L废水时,絮凝剂的电中和能力和吸附架桥能力最强,絮凝剂对含H-酸染料模拟废水的絮凝效果最好。     

MBR处理工艺的发展与应用

MBR处理技术目前发展的新工艺有：改良式序列间歇反应器（MSBR）、MBR与氧化沟结合工艺、MBR与高效生物反应器相结合（MHCR）等。MBR技术推广应用的关键是解决膜污染问题和降低膜成本。MBR技术已经在水处理领域应用,和常规水处理工艺相比,MBR工艺具有处理效果好、出水水质稳定,设备简单、占地空间省等优势,对于发展城市污水回用具有重要意义。     

扬州经济开发区发展循环经济的实践、对策和规划

扬州经济开发区通过国家生态工业示范园区的创建和国家循环经济试点工作,构建以工业共生、物质循环、自然和谐、宜业宜居为特征及资源节约型、环境友好型开发区。本文介绍了扬州经济开发区发展循环经济的实践情况,以“减量化、再利用、资源化”和“可持续性”原则为理念,分析了其循环经济发展存在的问题,并提出了相应对策和规划。     

The concentrations, distribution and sources of PAHs in agricultural soils and vegetables from Shunde, Guangdong, China

The concentrations, distribution and sources of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in 30 agricultural soil and 16 vegetable samples collected from subtropical Shunde area, an important manufacturing center in China. The total PAHs ranged from 33.7 to 350 μg/kg in soils, and 82 to 1,258 μg/kg in vegetables. The most abundant individual PAHs are phenanthrene, fluoranthene, chrysene, pyrene and benzo(b)fluoranthene for soil samples, and anthracene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene and chrysene for vegetable samples. Average vegetable–soil ratios of total PAHs were 2.20 for leafy vegetables and 1.27 for fruity vegetables. Total PAHs in vegetable samples are not significantly correlated to those in corresponding soil samples. Principal component analyses were conducted to distinguish samples on basis of their distribution in each town, soil type and vegetable specie. Relatively abundant soil PAHs were found in town Jun’an, Beijiao, Chencun, Lecong and Ronggui, while abundant vegetable PAHs were observed in town Jun’an, Lecong, Xingtan, Daliang and Chenchun. The highest level of total PAHs were found in vegetable soil, followed by pond sediment and “stacked soil” on pond banks. The PAHs contents in leafy vegetables are higher than those in fruity vegetables. Some PAH compound ratios suggest the PAHs derived from incomplete combustion of petroleum, coal and refuse from power generation and ceramic manufacturing, and paint spraying on furniture, as well as sewage irrigation from textile industries. Soil PAHs contents have significant logarithmic correlation with total organic carbon, which demonstrates the importance of soil organic matter as sorbent to prevent losses of PAHs.     

Global fallout Pu recorded in lacustrine sediments in Lake Hongfeng, SW China

Studies on the distribution and isotope compositions of fallout Pu are important for source characterization of possible future non-fallout Pu contamination in aquatic environments, and useful for dating of recent sediments to understand the pollution history of environmental contaminants. We present the historical record of atmospheric Pu fallout reconstructed from a sediment core from Lake Hongfeng, China. The Pu activity profile was in agreement with the 137Cs profile. Inventories were 50.7 Bq m(-2) for 239+240Pu and 1586 Bq m(-2) for 137Cs. The average 240Pu/239Pu atom ratio was 0.185+/-0.009, indicating that Pu originated from global stratospheric fallout rather than from direct tropospheric or close-in fallout from the Chinese nuclear testing conducted in the 1970s. Our data suggested that Lake Hongfeng would be an ideal setting for monitoring atmospheric fallout and environmental changes in this region.     

污泥龄对LSP & PNR污泥减量新工艺运行效能的影响

通过研究分析污泥龄(SRT)对富磷污水除磷的LSP&PNR污泥减量新工艺运行效果的影响,结果发现,延长污泥龄有利于提高系统的厌氧释磷能力,但不影响其总的除磷率,同时磷的回收比例增大,当SRT=50 d时,磷回收率取得最大值70.4%;LSP&PNR系统污泥龄增加,还有利于污泥产率的降低.试验还发现,排富磷污水除磷的长污泥龄LSP&PNR系统的除磷效率与污泥产率之间不存在制约关系,即系统可以同时获得优异的污泥减量与生物除磷效果,当SRT=50 d时,每降解1 kg COD仅产生0.143 kg污泥,而除磷率达最高值92.8%;LSP&PNR系统中SRT、DO与SVI之间存在一定的相关性,在供氧充足(DO=0.8～1.5 mg/L)条件下,SRT增加,SVI越高,但对于SRT为50 d的LSP&PNR系统,稳定运行时没有污泥膨胀之虞.     

高密度电阻率法延时性勘探在地质灾害监控预警中的应用

将高密度电阻率法延时性技术应用于地质灾害（堤坝渗漏及岩土体稳定性）监控与预警中是一种创新。结果表明,高密度电阻率法的延时性勘探能有效地划分可能发生地质灾害的地段及位置;同时,还能为灾害治理提供区域性和地下结构方面的基础资料。