生态岛建设过程中环境类指标构建研究——以崇明岛为例

提出了将压力 状态 响应（PSR）模型与系统分析法理论集成起来构建生态岛建设过程中环境类指标的方法和步骤。指标构建过程分为4个步骤：（1）首先利用已有生态区域（岛）相关环境类指标确定备选指标集;（2）利用PSR模型对指标逻辑关系进行分析筛选;（3）以2010年为近期目标年,利用系统分析法确定指标核心要素,得到二次筛选指标;（4）以2030年为远期目标年,以综合性和动态性为依据确定最终指标。以上海市崇明岛为例,确定水、气、土为核心考核要素,构建了基于崇明生态岛建设过程的近期及远期目标的环境类考核指标体系。指标评价结果表明,崇明生态岛建设过程中环境类综合指数为72,其中环境压力指数、环境质量指数、环境保护指数分别为85、80和51,与崇明岛实际较为吻合。部分研究结果已在崇明岛生态建设过程中得到实际应用。     

Limitations of an optimum sustainable population or potential biological removal approach for conserving marine mammals: Pacific walrus case study

Decision rules are the agreed-upon points at which specific management interventions are initiated. For marine mammal management under the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), decision rules are usually based on either a numeric population or biological-removal approach. However, for walrus and other ice-associated pinnipeds, the inability to reliably assess population numbers or biological removals highlights a significant gap in the MMPA, particularly when the Arctic environment is rapidly changing. We describe the MMPA's ecosystem-based management goals, and why managers have bypassed these goals in favor of an approach that depends upon numerical population assessment. We then revisit the statute's primary goals in light of current knowledge about the Pacific walrus ecosystem and new developments in environmental governance. We argue that to monitor and respond to changes in the walrus ecosystem, decision rules should be based on scientific criteria that depend less on the currently-impractical goal of accurately enumerating population size and trends, or removals from that population. Rather, managers should base decisions on ecological needs and observed ecological changes. To implement this approach would require an amendment to the MMPA that supports filling the gap in management with achievable decision rules. Alternatively, walrus and other ice-associated pinnipeds will remain largely unmanaged during a period of profound environmental change.     

超声波辅助提取杜仲籽油的工艺优化

以杜仲籽为原料,应用超声波辅助法提取杜仲籽油.在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定了超声波辅助提取杜仲籽油的较佳工艺条件.结果表明,杜仲籽油的较佳提取工艺条件为料液比12ml/g,提取温度50℃,提取时间15min,超声波功率225W,在该条件下杜仲籽油得率27.24%.     

基于模糊综合评价的古都旅游城市总体形象认知研究——以西安市国内游客为例

在市场调查的基础上,以陕西省西安市为例,借助模糊综合评价方法从可达性、安全度、文明度、洁净度、新奇度和古静度6个方面研究了国内游客对古都旅游城市总体形象的认知.结果发现,国内游客对西安市古静度的评价最高,洁净度相对最低,说明国内游客对西安市总体形象认知处于中等偏上的水平.为了适应未来旅游市场发展的趋势,提出了西安市旅游形象设计的建议性对策.     

基于CVM的黄河兰州段水环境恢复价值评估

分析了黄河兰州段近3年的水环境污染状况,并以条件价值评估法(CVM)为依据,设计问卷并调查了兰州市居民对黄河兰州段水环境恢复的支付意愿(WTP),估算出2007年黄河兰州段水环境恢复价值为1.79亿元.针对黄河兰州段水污染提出了治理黄河兰州段环境的几点措施和建议.     

臭氧同时脱硫脱硝技术研究进展

对利用臭氧同时脱硫脱硝技术进行了综述,分析了臭氧对NOx的脱除机理。臭氧同时脱硫脱硝技术具有明显的一体化脱除特性,但臭氧的发生费用却制约了它的应用。介绍了目前国外在工程上应用的低温氧化技术（LOTOX）,分析了其脱除效果及优缺点。     

CASS处理技术的原理和应用

介绍了CASS工艺的原理、特点、核心构筑物和设计、运行中应注意的主要问题以及常见故障的排除方法。     

How Green is Too Green? Public Opinion of What Constitutes Undesirable Algae Levels in Streams1

Abstract: A public opinion survey was carried out in Montana to ascertain if the public identifies a level of benthic (bottom‐attached) river and stream algae that is undesirable for recreation. The survey had two parts; an On‐River survey and a By‐Mail survey. The On‐River survey was conducted via 44 trips randomly scheduled throughout the state during which recreators were interviewed in‐person at the stream. Selection of stream segments and survey dates/times was based on known, statewide recreational use patterns. By‐Mail survey forms were sent to 2,000 individuals randomly selected from Montana’s Centralized Voter File (CVF) available from the Montana Secretary of State. The CVF was current through 2004 and represented over 85% of the state’s eligible voting population. In both surveys, eight randomly ordered photographs depicting varying levels of stream benthic algae were presented, and participants were asked if the algae level shown was desirable or undesirable for recreation. Survey form design, selection of photographs, and pretesting followed acceptable protocols that limited unintentional bias through survey execution. There were 433 returned forms (389 complete) for the By‐Mail survey, while the On‐River survey documented 563 interviews. In both surveys, as benthic algal chlorophyll a (Chl a) levels increased, desirability for recreation decreased. (Other measures of benthic algae biomass are presented as well.) For the public majority, mean benthic Chl a levels ≥200 mg/m² were determined to be undesirable for recreation, whereas mean levels ≤150 mg Chl a/m² were found to be desirable. Error rates were within the survey’s statistical design criteria (≤5%). The largest potential error source was nonresponse in the By‐Mail survey; however, the population represented by nonrespondents would have to exhibit profoundly different perceptions of river and stream algae to meaningfully alter the results. Results support earlier work in the literature suggesting 150 mg Chl a/m² represents a benthic algae nuisance threshold.     

热分解技术在修复多氯联苯污染土壤中的应用

针对我国土壤中PCBs的污染特点,介绍了一种修复土壤的热分解技术,并详述了该技术的工作流程、影响因素、处理效率等问题。最后对该技术的发展趋势进行了展望,并对其在推广过程中可能遇到的困难进行了分析。     

模糊事故树在分析氯乙烯单体槽爆炸风险中的应用

在对氯乙烯单体槽爆炸事故构建事故树的基础上,根据现场设备实际运行状况的统计及依据专家经验所提供的模糊信息,运用模糊事故树理论,引入L-R型模糊数,应用其尖态型隶属函数,对氯乙烯单体槽进行了模糊可靠性分析,求出了氯乙烯单体槽爆炸事故的模糊概率可能性分布;并利用结构重要度系数近似值法对其进行结构重要度分析,运用对事故树底部事件进行排序分级的加权结构重要度分析法,确立了影响系统的最主要因素,为系统安全分析提供了新的方法和途径。